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Evidence Gathering: Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies Table 26 - Review of key gaps relating to carbon savings from TES Key Gaps Discussion of gap Quantifying savings from specific TES applications Where TES enables solar thermal or other renewable heat to be used savings are relatively straightforward, except where borehole or aquifer storage is used (due to high degree of uncertainty around how much energy injected into the ground is later extracted). Savings from electricity time-shifting (i.e. heat pump operating time changes, or immersion dumping during electricity oversupply) are very difficult to quantify, due to difficulties with baselines and the need to model what would be used to provide electricity grid flexibility if TES was not available in each situation (simple carbon factors are not valid for peak or trough electricity). Savings from using TES to provide ancillary services are notoriously hard to quantify, because of difficulties with baseline comparisons. Savings from steadier operation of CHP or industrial processes are easier to model, at least when they relate to higher fuel efficiency per kWh of heat or electrical output. Valuing savings from ‘renewable cooling’ Using underground interseasonal stores to balance the need for cooling and heating in a building can provide a very low-carbon building comfort solution. But there is some conceptual uncertainty about how savings should be calculated. In order to maintain a steady inter-annual borehole or aquifer temperature the heating (or, less commonly, cooling) circuits of underground TES systems may need to be operated more than is strictly required for inhabitant comfort. TES losses As mentioned above, losses from borehole and aquifer storage are very uncertain. When the input energy is ‘free’ (i.e. summer office heat that needs to be extracted anyway) this may not matter to the business case, but it does make calculating carbon savings very problematic. TES applications to support electricity system challenges There is a lack of evidence around how TES applications can be used to provide value to the electricity system through time-shifting electric heating or combined heat and power. 78PDF Image | Thermal Energy Storage (TES) Technologies
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