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However, with the involvement of gravity effects, natural convection dominates the charging process. This behavior was shown by the deformation of the axisymmetric manner of melting in the further stages of charging (Korti & Tlemsani, 2016; Sundaram et al., 2016). Throughout solidification, however, the main heat transfer mechanism has been shown to be conduction (Ettouney et al., 2004 (July); Dinker et al., 2016). Kabbara et al (2014) showed that the discharging times were much longer than the charging times due to the conduction-dominated heat transfer process within dodecanoic acid, which has a low thermal conductivity. Huang et al. (2011) also found that increasing a microencapsulated PCM slurry concentration resulted in the suppression of natural convection during melting. This was attributed to the higher density and low thermal conductivity of slurry, deteriorating the heat transfer between the heat exchanger and storage material. Despite the high storage capacity of PCMs, low thermal conductivity limits the performance of thermal storage units. Thus, heat transfer enhancement methods are indispensable to reduce charging/discharging times. Traditional methods including using extended fins, metallic structures and matrixes were summarized in some of the review papers (Kenisarin & Mahkamov, 2007; Fan & Khodadadi, 2011; Xu et al., 2015). Ettouney et al., 2004 (November) pointed out that using metal spheres as enhancers accelerated the melting process by three times, although the presence of metal spheres decreased the storage capacity by less than 2%. Fins and metal matrices were found to be very effective in increasing the heat transfer rate, particularly during solidification. However, using fins as enhancers comes at a price. The excessive usage of fins depending on the geometry could deteriorate natural convection effects as well as reduce the storage capacity. Agyenim et al. 9PDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE USING PARAFFIN WAX
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