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xGNP outweighed the performance of GNPs in enhancing thermal conductivity. This was attributed to smaller-sized graphene layers affecting the phonon boundary scattering adversely. Fan et al. (2014) found that increasing the content of GNPs gave rise to a dramatic improvement in thermal conductivity from 0.264 W/m·K to 0.7 W/m·K for a 5 wt.% concentration. The outstanding performance of GNPs was due to the planar structure and reduced interfacial thermal resistance, which was also mentioned by Yu et al. (2013). It was shown that the 2-D planar structure of GNPs outperformed the 3-D tubular entangled tubular structure of MWCNTs (Wu et al., 2016). Metallic nanoparticles were shown to be less effective in improving thermal conductivity. Wang et al. (2009) showed that higher enhancement was achieved at various loadings of Al2O3 nanoparticles reaching up to 25% in liquid phase. However, the increase in temperature lowered the thermal conductivity both in liquid and solid phases. Ho and Gao (2009) reported a linear increase in thermal conductivity only up to 9% with increasing Al2O3 nanoparticle loadings (5 and 10 wt.%). Increased temperature, particularly at 60°C, led to a higher enhancement in thermal conductivity. This phenomenon was associated by the authors with increased Brownian motion due to decreased viscosity. Jesumathy et al. (2012) showed a gradual increase in thermal conductivity as high as 13% for a 10% wt. CuO-wax nanocomposite at 65°C. The very common trend of a sharp increase in thermal conductivity was detected at the phase change transition from solid to liquid. Dispersing nanoparticles into PCMs not only enhances thermal conductivity but also leads to a significant increase in the viscosity of the NEPCMs (Yu et al., 2013; Ho & Gao, 2009; Fan et al., 2014). Increased viscosity has a detrimental effect on melting rate due to the 14PDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE USING PARAFFIN WAX
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