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paraffin wax. TEM imaging revealed that highly agglomerated dispersion was the case for GNPs and CNFs and long MWCNTs due to their large particle size. Relatively better dispersion was attained for carboxyl functionalized-short MWCNTs and short MWCNTs. The stability of prepared samples was observed for the highest concentration of nanoparticles (4 wt.%) assuming the tendency of agglomeration and sedimentation is higher for most concentrated samples. It was seen that samples were visually stable after 1.5 h, providing sufficient time to make thermal conductivity and viscosity measurements. Nevertheless, after a day, the GNPs and the other nanoparticles were found to be settling and forming clusters. Zhang et al. (2011) investigated the suspension time of untreated and surface-treated MWCNTs with various surfactants in n-hexadecane. Surface-treated MWCNTs with 1-decanol provided the longest suspension time (290 min) compared to other combinations. The cyclic stability of CNTs added 1-dodecanol was examined visually by Zeng et. al (2013). Specimens were found to be settlement-free after two melting/solidification cycles. With the third cycles, sedimentation took place. However, specimens were observed to maintain desired stability in liquid phase for several days. A shape stabilization study of GNP-paraffin wax nanocomposites was done by Shi et al. (2013). They found that GNPs played an important role in increasing the dropping point temperature of paraffin wax. The 2 wt.% GNP-paraffin wax sample kept its form without any leakage up to 185.2°C, indicating the possibility of using GNP-paraffin wax nanocomposite as an energy storage material without a container. Fan et al. (2014) pointed out that GNPs’ dispersion in 1-tetradecanol substantially improved its stability up to 5 melting/solidification thermal cycles due to the presence of a commercial dispersant. 19PDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE USING PARAFFIN WAX
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