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effects of high viscosity caused by high MWCNTs concentrations, lower fractions (< 0.1 wt.%) were examined. After each cycle, pictures of the samples were taken in liquid phase to assess the uniformity and homogeneity of nanoparticle dispersion. Figure 4.12 shows these pictures with different sonication times and different MWCNT loadings in the wax over three thermal cycles. A thin layer of a particle-free region can be observed after the first thermal cycle in Figure 4.12-(1). Accumulated MWCNT clusters started to settle at the bottom of the containers. As a result, the particle-free regions in the last two cycles grew substantially as shown in Figure 4.12 (2-3). After the third thermal cycle, up to a certain height from the bottom of the container, samples have a dark color indicating highly agglomerated nanoparticles. However, transparent regions on the upper portion indicated that there was no particle network there. The higher density of the clustered MWCNT may have led to their settlement on the lower portion. Sonication duration time did not seem to have any effect on the dispersion quality of MWCNTs in the wax. Also, settlement and clustering were evident over thermal cycles regardless of MWCNT fractions. The results indicated that mechanical dispersion through stirring and sonication is not sufficient to change interfacial forces between the nanoparticles and the paraffin wax for long terms. Therefore, well-dispersed colloidal systems were not sustained. It should be noted in Figure 4.12-(2) that samples D and E appeared to have good dispersion after the second cycle, but this was due to the replacement of broken beakers. However, samples D and E followed the same trend as samples A, B and C in terms of particle settlement as is obvious after the third thermal cycle as shown in Figure 4.12-(3). Fig 4.13 also presents the degree of settlement for the MWCNT-wax sample in solid phase. 65PDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE USING PARAFFIN WAX
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