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and nanoparticles: the wax has nonpolar molecules, while the nanoparticles have polar ones. The surfactants may be able to alter the intermolecular forces for a short period of time. However, they may not be able to sustain through multiple solidification-melting cycles. Other possible reasons could include the surfactants not being able to achieve their critical micelle concentration (CMC) and the inadequate pH value of the solutions (Hormozi et al., 2016; Das et al., 2008, Butt et al., 2003). Unfortunately, these chemical details are beyond the scope of this mechanical engineering research. Effect of boundary conditions on stability Boundary conditions during heating and cooling may affect the dispersion quality of nanoparticles within NEPCM. The results shown above were from thermal cycles in an environmental chamber. A different boundary condition during melting and solidification was investigated by placing NEPCM samples on a hot plate at 150°C for melting and leaving the sample at ambient room temperature for solidification. It was thought that heating from the bottom of the samples during melting might help prevent the settlement of nanoparticles due to induced natural convection. New samples were prepared following the previous dispersion method using the same concentration of MWCNT (0.1wt.%) with octadecylamine (1:10 ratio to nanoparticle) as a surfactant. Heating the samples from the bottom indeed helped in preventing MWCNTs from settling. The constant motion of particles with natural convection was apparent during the heating period. As can be seen from Figure 4.16, the samples seemed stable after melting on the hot plate for 2 h. There was no separation between MWCNTs and wax in liquid phase due to the promoted natural convection after each cycle. Within the first two thermal cycles, nanoparticles appeared to be well dispersed even in solid phase. However, agglomerated 70PDF Image | THERMAL ENERGY STORAGE USING PARAFFIN WAX
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