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Energies 2022, 15, 6347 and outlet working fluids, respectively. 𝑢, 𝑢 are the inlet and outlet velocity, respe tively. Lp is the flow channel length. Commonly, a higher incline angle of the wavy channel results in a higher heat transf 5 of 15 coefficient and flow resistance. To comprehensively evaluate the performance of the he exchanger, a factor ζ is defined as a comprehensive indicator of the heat exchanger [27]. Commonly, a higher incline angle of the wavy channel results in a higher heat transfer 𝑁𝑢 coefficient and flow resistance. To comprehensively evaluate the performance of the heat 𝑁𝑢 ζ= . (10) exchanger, a factor ζ is defined as a comprehensiv𝑓e indicator of the heat exchanger [27]. Nu 𝑓 ζ = Nu0 . (10) f 2.3. Simulation Conditions f0 In the system (Figure 2) proposed by Park [5], the four stages of compressed a 2.3. Simulation Conditions shown in Table 1 are all cooled by seawater (15 °C, 0.1013 MPa) to improve the compress In the system (Figure 2) proposed by Park [5], the four stages of compressed air efficiency. Finally, the compressed air liquified by the cold energy is released in LNG ga shown in Table 1 are all cooled by seawater (15 ◦C, 0.1013 MPa) to improve the compressor ificaeftfiiocnienactyo. fFf-inpaelalyk, thime ecosm, wprheislseedthaeirlilqiquuiiffiied abyirtchoencvoeldrtesnteorgyasisarneldeagsedneinraLteNsGpower i gasification at off-peak times, while the liquified air converts to gas and generates power the turbine through expansion at on-peak times. Obviously, this system can capture an in the turbine through expansion at on-peak times. Obviously, this system can capture store the cold energy released from LNG gasification at on-peak times and utilize th and store the cold energy released from LNG gasification at on-peak times and utilize the stored cold energy to store electricity at off-peak times. stored cold energy to store electricity at off-peak times. Figure 2. The four stages of the air compression process in Park’s system. Figure 2. The four stages of the air compression process in Park’s system. Table 1. The parameters of the four stages of the air compression process [5]. Table 1. The parameters of the four stages of the air compression process [5]. Air Air Flowrate (kg/s) Temperature (◦C) Flowrate (kg/s) Temperature (°C) S1 15 15 S4 116.4 Pressure (MPa) Pressure (MPa) S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S2 110.1 S3 20.0 0.1013 0.2499 0.2499 0.6145 0.6145 1.5100 1.5100 3.7000 3.7000 0.1013 0.2499 0.2499 0.6145 0.6145 1.5100 1.5100 3.7000 S5 139.7 20.0 S6 11616.4.5 S7 20.0 139.7 20.0 S8 116.7 20.0 2.4S.8Grid Independence Test and Model Validation 116.7 S9 20.0 110.1 20.0 116.5 S9The grid quality has a significant effect on the num20e.r0ical simulation. The presen3t.7st0u0d0y adopted the block grid division technology to divide the grid of the wavy channel. To model the heat convection accurately and capture the flow and heat transfer characteristics 2.4. Grid Independence Test and Model Validation in the boundary layer, the boundary grid was set close to the surface of the wavy channel. The grid quality has a significant effect on the numerical simulation. The prese For the first-level grid node, y+ < 1, 10 levels were set along vertical wall surface, and the studinycraedmoepntewdasth1e.15blforckeagchridlevdeilv. ision technology to divide the grid of the wavy channe The grid independence test was carried out for the baseline channel with an incline To model the heat convection accurately and capture the flow and heat transfer characte angle of 15◦. The grid number for Grid 1, Grid 2, and Grid 3 was 1.51 million, 2.21 million, istics in the boundary layer, the boundary grid was set close to the surface of the wav and 2.64 million, respectively, and the deviations were defined as follows: channel. For the first-level grid node, y+ < 1, 10 levels were set along vertical wall surfac and the increment was 1.15 for each level.Grid 1 − Grid 3 Deviation 1 = Grid 3 . (11) The grid independence test was carried out for the baseline channel with an inclin angle of 15°. The grid number for Grid 1, Grid 2, and Grid 3 was 1.51 million, 2.21 millio and 2.64 million, respectively, and the deviations were defined as follows: c e a i o s n d n r e nPDF Image | Thermal–Hydraulic Performance of a Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger
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