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Energies 2022, 15, 6347 7 of 15 Energies 2022, 15, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 15 of the cold fluid increased slightly in all conditions since the specific heat capacity of water is much bigger than that of air. FigFuirgeu3re. T3.eTmempepreartauturereddisisttrriibution offtthheeccoouuntnetrecrucrurernret nfltowflo. w. It is well known that there a flow boundary layer will be formed near the channel wall Moreover, the heat transfer coefficient increased with the increase in incline angle 𝜃 when the fluid flows in the channel, and the flow velocity in the channel central area will at the same hot fluid pressure, and the outlet temperature of the hot fluid gradually de- increase to compensate for the velocity reduction near the channel wall. Figures 4 and 5 creased. Especially when 𝜃 = 45°, the temperature of the hot fluid almost decreased to show the velocity and temperature distribution of different cross-sections along the flow be the same with the inlet temperature of the cold fluid. The reason is that, when 𝜃 = 45°, direction. It can be seen that the accelerating core of the straight channel was always located the overall heat transfer coefficient was the maximum, and the temperature of the hot in the central area of the channel. However, for the wavy channel, the flow direction in fluid declined rapidly. After the heat transfer process in four pitches, the temperature was the channel changed periodically, and the location of the accelerating core moved from the redcuencetedr to tbhe celxotesrentaol stuhrefainceledtutemto ptheeracetuntrreifoufgathl feocrcoel.dMflouriedo.vIenr, the dfiefvthiatpioitnchef,fethcteatnedmper- the centrifugal force were more significant as the incline angle increased. The accelerating ature of the hot fluid was almost the same as that of the cold fluid. It should be noted that core struck the wall periodically, which could reduce and even destroy the boundary layer. the temperature of the cold fluid increased slightly in all conditions since the specific heat The collision and destructive effects were stronger as the incline angle increased, which capacity of water is much bigger than that of air. promoted convection heat transfer. Furthermore, it can be seen from the figure that, with It is well known that there a flow boundary layer will be formed near the channel increasing incline angle, the acceleration core area gradually expanded. The reason is that wall when the fluid flows in the channel, and the flow velocity in the channel central area large incline angle led to strong centrifugal force and more significant flow separation will increase to compensate for the velocity reduction near the channel wall. Figures 4 and at the bend, and then the gradual enlargement of the extremely-low-speed area in the 5 show the velocity and temperature distribution of different cross-sections along the flow cross-section. The temperature and velocity distributions in the channel presented similar dirbeechtiaovnio.rI.tScpaencifibceaslleye,nthethloawtt-hteemapcecrealteuraetainregacoofrteheocfotlhdeflsutirdaaignhdtthcehahnignhe-ltewmapseraltwuraeyslo- area of the hot fluid matched the results of the accelerating core in the channel, reflecting cated in the central area of the channel. However, for the wavy channel, the flow direction that the flow temperature distribution in the channel depends on its velocity distribution. in the channel changed periodically, and the location of the accelerating core moved from the center to the external surface due to the centrifugal force. Moreover, the deviation effect and the centrifugal force were more significant as the incline angle increased. The accelerating core struck the wall periodically, which could reduce and even destroy the boundary layer. The collision and destructive effects were stronger as the incline angle increased, which promoted convection heat transfer. Furthermore, it can be seen from the figure that, with increasing incline angle, the acceleration core area gradually expanded. The reason is that large incline angle led to strong centrifugal force and more significant flow separation at the bend, and then the gradual enlargement of the extremely-low-speed area in the cross-section. The temperature and velocity distributions in the channel pre-PDF Image | Thermal–Hydraulic Performance of a Printed Circuit Heat Exchanger
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