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Storage Type Disadvantages Table 3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Select Electrochemical Battery Chemistries Advantages Adapted from (Fan et al. 2020) Lithium-Ion • Relatively high energy and power density • Lower maintenance costs • Rapid charge capability • Many chemistries offer design flexibility • Established technology with strong potential for project bankability. • High upfront cost ($/kWh) relative to lead- acid (potentially offset by longer lifetimes) • Poor high-temperature performance • Safety considerations, which can increase costs to mitigate • Currently complex to recycle • Reliance on scarce materials. Flow (Vanadium- Redox) • Long cycle life • High intrinsic safety • Capable of deep discharges. • Relatively low energy and power density. Lead-Acid • Low cost • Many different available sizes and designs • High recyclability. • Limited energy density • Relatively short cycle life • Cannot be kept in a discharged state for long without permanent impact on performance • Deep cycling can impact cycle life • Poor performance in high temperature environments. • Toxicity of components Sodium-Sulfur • Relatively high energy density • Relatively long cycle life • Low self-discharge. • High operating temperature necessary • High costs. 7 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.PDF Image | USAID GRID-SCALE ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES PRIMER
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