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2.1 Lithium-ionBatteryEnergyStorage Technology Summary for Policymakers Lithium-ion is a mature energy storage technology with established global manufacturing capacity driven in part by its use in electric vehicle applications. The overlap between the transportation and power system sectors have enabled steep price declines in technology costs for lithium-ion batteries, driving higher deployments. In utility-scale power sector applications, lithium-ion has been used predominantly for short-duration, high-cycling services such as frequency regulation, although it is increasingly used to provide peaking capacity and energy arbitrage services in certain jurisdictions. Lithium-ion has a typical duration in the 2- to 4-hour range, with price competitiveness decreasing at longer durations. One major technical issue with lithium-ion is fire safety, as the chemistry can suffer thermal runaway leading to fire concerns. Recent battery pack technology and software innovations are addressing safety concerns related to thermal runaway. Lithium-ion battery storage currently dominates the landscape for new, utility-scale installations for electrochemical stationary storage applications and is only surpassed by pumped hydro storage for cumulative capacity. Since 2010 in the United States, over 90% of annual additions of utility-scale stationary battery storage in the power sector has been lithium-ion (Figure 2). This trend is driven by several factors, including robust manufacturing capabilities, well-developed supply chains, increasing demand in the transportation sector, and a precipitous drop in lithium-ion battery pack prices over the past several years: lithium-ion battery pack prices declined 89% from 2010 to 2020 (Frith 2020).4 Figure 2. U.S. annual new installations of electrochemical energy storage by chemistry Source: (EIA 2019) As with all battery energy storage technologies, lithium-ion batteries convert chemical energy contained in its active materials directly into electrical energy through an electrochemical oxidation-reduction reaction (Warner 2015). Lithium-ion batteries, however, have significantly higher energy densities relative to other electrochemical storage technologies such as lead-acid and flow batteries, which allows 4 Note that this price decline refers only to battery pack prices, which reflect lithium-ion battery pack hardware costs and do not include additional hardware components or soft costs that would accumulate when constructing a project. 8 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.PDF Image | USAID GRID-SCALE ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES PRIMER
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