USAID GRID-SCALE ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES PRIMER

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USAID GRID-SCALE ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES PRIMER ( usaid-grid-scale-energy-storage-technologies-primer )

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solid-state lithium-ion batteries, which use solid electrolytes and have improved energy densities and lower safety risks compared to liquid-electrolyte lithium-ion batteries, and lithium-air batteries, which have improved energy densities and have the potential to be very low cost and could reduce reliance on scarce minerals (Warner 2019). 2.1.3 Example Deployment Lithium-ion has seen extensive global deployment in the energy sector. One prominent existing project is the Hornsdale Power Reserve, a 100-MW/129-MWh lithium-ion battery in South Australia completed in 2017 for frequency regulation and transmission congestion relief. The South Australia power system is relatively isolated and can disconnect from the larger Australian power system if the point of interconnection is overloaded. One of the battery’s additional functions is to provide injections of power to prevent the interconnection from disconnecting. On at least two occasions, during events when large coal plants tripped offline, the Hornsdale Power Reserve responded within milliseconds to immediately inject large amounts of power into the grid over a few minutes to support the grid frequency until other power plants could increase their output, arresting the fall in frequency and potentially avoiding power reliability issues and disconnection from the larger grid (AEMO 2018). In 2018, the electric cooperative, United Power, completed the installation of a 4-MW/16-MWh (4-hour duration) lithium-ion battery in Firestone, Colorado. The cooperative aims to store excess energy overnight when demand is low and use it to meet peak demand during the day, reducing operating costs for the utility. The local utility expects to be able to save $1 million per year in avoided wholesale capacity charges (United Power 2018). 11 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.

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