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researchers at the University of California, Los Angeles have begun investigating new acid-based chemistries to extend the lifetimes of traditional lead-acid batteries. Although this research is specifically focused on transportation applications, such fundamental research could potentially be applied to grid- scale applications as well (University of California, Los Angeles and ARPA-E 2017). 2.3.3 Example Deployment or Pilot Project In 2012, East Penn Manufacturing developed a 3-MW Ultrabattery® lead-acid-supercapacitor hybrid system that can provide frequency regulation and demand management services to the PJM Interconnection, a wholesale market operator in the United States. When not supplying ancillary services to the wholesale market, the storage system can provide customer-facing services such as demand management to the local distribution utility, Met-Ed. The energy storage installation consists of several containerized units that can be modulated or relocated should local power system conditions change. During its initial 3 years of operation, the storage system was able to provide ancillary services in the regulation market 53% of the time and had an average round-trip AC-AC efficiency of 81% (Seasholtz 2015). In 2015, the Vermont utility Green Mountain Power (GMP) commissioned a 4-MW/3.4-MWh energy storage system to provide ancillary services in the wholesale market and help integrate a 2.5-MW solar PV installation. The storage system consists of a 2-MW lithium-ion battery and a 2-MW lead-acid battery. The storage system is interconnected at the distribution system, and, when not selling services into the wholesale market, it helps GMP reduce demand charges from the wholesale market by meeting load locally. The storage system can also help a portion of GMP’s territory “island”, providing backup power for a nearby designated emergency center. The lithium-ion component is typically used for providing frequency regulation and smoothing the solar PV system’s output, given its higher efficiency and cycle life, while both the lead-acid and lithium-ion components are used for peak shaving, with lead- acid more suitable for longer discharging periods. The project has been able to successfully provide all planned services with an estimated payback time of 8–10 years; however, GMP has stated that future projects will likely consist only of lithium-ion batteries (Schoenung et al. 2017). 15 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.PDF Image | USAID GRID-SCALE ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES PRIMER
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