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peaking resources. PSH plants can also serve as backup capacity in the case of generator and/or transmission network outages elsewhere on the grid. 3.1.1 Emerging Applications and R&D Efforts Most PSH facilities installed to date use fixed-speed pump-turbines, meaning that both the pumping and generating units are designed to operate at a fixed rotational speed. Modern advances in fixed-speed technologies can improve PSH response time (i.e., faster change from pumping to generating mode) and operational flexibility, while emerging variable-speed configurations can generate/pump efficiently at much wider ranges of power output, enabling the facility to provide essential grid reliability services (DOE 2016). Ternary PSH is a state-of-the-art design that provides increased operational flexibility. A ternary-PSH facility combines the motor and generator into a single synchronous unit with the generator, turbine, and pump rotating in the same direction on a single shaft. A torque converter enables simultaneous operation of the pump and turbine and fast switching between pumping and generating modes at an estimated rate of 20–40 MW/second, enabling greater operational flexibility and faster response for reliable grid management (Corbus et al. 2018). 3.1.2 Example Deployment or Pilot Project On the Spanish island of El Hierro, which has abundant wind resources and enough wind generating capacity to meet 100% of the island’s energy needs, a PSH project has been successfully used to store excess renewable energy to meet demand during periods of wind energy shortfall. In 2019, with the help of the PSH system, a total of 54% of the island’s annual energy demand was met through renewable energy. Furthermore, the PSH system was able to fully meet the island’s energy demand for 25 days in a row, beating its previous 18-day record in 2018. Since its commissioning in 2014, the PSH project has saved nearly 7,500 tons of diesel fuel and offset more than 24,000 tons of greenhouse gases that would have otherwise been burned and emitted to balance electricity supply and demand (Gorona del Viento El Hierro, S.A. 2021). In the United States, two proposed projects include Goldendale, a 1,200-MW closed-loop project on the Washington/Oregon border, and Banner Mountain, a 400-MW closed-loop project in Wyoming. Both projects are interested in providing multiple services to a wide array of potential customers, making them distinct from previous PSH projects that were owned by, deployed by, and served a single vertically integrated utility. The Goldendale project will use conventional pumps while the Banner Mountain project plans to use ternary pumps (DOE 2018b). 20 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.PDF Image | USAID GRID-SCALE ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES PRIMER
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