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3.2 FlywheelEnergyStorage Technology Summary for Policymakers Flywheels are an established, widely commercialized energy storage technology, primarily used in smaller-scale applications relative to other mechanical energy storage technologies like PSH or CAES. Flywheels are characterized by rapid charging and discharging capabilities, relatively little maintenance, long lifetimes, and short discharge durations. These systems are practical for maintaining power quality in uninterruptible power supply applications and for short duration services like grid frequency regulation. While costs are comparable to other technologies on a power basis ($/kW), on an energy basis ($/kWh), flywheels are significantly more expensive than comparable alternatives like batteries, which has limited their deployment outside specific applications. Flywheel technology is a mechanical device that is used to convert electricity to and from rotational kinetic energy. Flywheel energy storage systems (FESS) consist of three main elements: a motor- generator, low-friction bearings, and a rotor (also known as a flywheel). The motor-generator uses electricity to accelerate the rotor to high speeds in a low-friction environment, storing kinetic energy. When needed, the stored kinetic energy is converted back to electricity through deacceleration. Compared to other energy storage mediums such as lithium-ion and lead-acid batteries, flywheels rely significantly less on corrosive or toxic materials. Flywheels exhibit very long lifetimes and require relatively little maintenance compared to other mechanical energy storage technologies. Table 6 describes a few key operational characteristics for three main categories of flywheel storage. Characteristics Operating Speed Rotor Composition Bearings Typical Specific Energy Lifetime 3.2.1 Current Applications Flywheels can provide a range of grid stability support services, such as frequency regulation, as this technology can provide high power for short durations and quick responses during charge-discharge cycles (Wicki and Hansen 2017; Amiryar and Pullen 2017). Flywheels can also be used for maintaining power quality by quickly absorbing or injecting power to maintain nominal voltage and frequency levels (Arani, Zaker, and Gharehpetian 2017). At smaller scales, FESS has been used in uninterruptible power supply applications in sensitive industries like health care, semiconductor manufacturing, and data centers. The FESS rapidly responds to loss of power from the grid until slower, longer lasting resources like diesel generators can come online. 21 Table 6. Typical Characteristics of Select Flywheel Technologies Adapted from (Wicki and Hansen 2017) Low-Speed Flywheel High-Speed Flywheel Micro High-Speed <10,000 rpm >10,000 rpm >10,000 rpm Steel Carbon fiber composite Carbon fiber composite Rolling- element/mechanical ball Magnetic (low friction) Rolling- element/mechanical ball ~5 Wh/kg Up to 100 Wh/kg ~10 Wh/kg 20 years 20 years 20 years This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.PDF Image | USAID GRID-SCALE ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES PRIMER
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