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3.3.3 Example Deployment or Pilot Project There are two operating commercial CAES plants (both diabatic) worldwide—a 290-MW plant in Huntorf, Germany commissioned in 1978, and a 110-MW plant in McIntosh, Alabama, commissioned in 1991. The Huntorf plant was initially developed to provide fast response services—specifically, black start capabilities for nearby nuclear plants, as well as storing cheap off-peak power from these nuclear plants and discharging during peak periods. Its daily storage capacity was expanded from 2 to 3 hours to allow for a broader range of grid support. It currently provides peak shaving in the evening, grid balancing for wind power in northern Germany, and frequency response services (van der Linden 2006; Crotogino, Mohmeyer, and Scharf 2001; Succar and Williams 2008). The McIntosh plant has a larger storage capacity and can operate continuously for up to 26 hours. It also uses a recuperator, which reuses exhaust heat, reducing overall fuel consumption and improving cycle efficiency (Luo et al. 2015; van der Linden 2006). Ongoing pilot and demonstration projects include a Hydrostor A-CAES facility in Canada and a LAES demonstration project in Vermont. Hydrostor has developed an emissions-free, water-compensated A- CAES system where water is used to maintain constant air pressure. Hydrostatic pressure then forces the compressed air to the surface, which is expanded together with the stored heat for electricity generation (Hydrostor 2020; Venkataramani, Ramalingam, and Viswanathan 2018). Hydrostor recently commissioned a first-of-its kind 2.2-MW/10-MWh A-CAES plant in Ontario, Canada (Globe Newswire 2019). A 50-MW/400-MWh LAES demonstration project in Vermont is currently planned to provide transmission network upgrade deferral services and is intended to provide more than 8 hours of storage capacity. The system will be designed to clean and compress air during off-peak periods, liquefying the compressed gas and storing it in cold tanks at ~-196°C, allowing the compressed air to evaporate and expand turns turbines that can be used to generate power (Highview Power 2019; Lin et al. 2019). 25 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.PDF Image | USAID GRID-SCALE ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES PRIMER
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