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3.4 GravityEnergyStorage Technology Summary for Policymakers GES is an immature technology with the potential to provide long-term energy storage similar to CAES or PSH. These systems could potentially be used to provide slower, longer-duration services such as peaking capacity, load following, and energy arbitrage. GES uses established mechanical bulk storage principles, using the potential energy of a mass at a given height. PSH can be categorized as a GES technology that uses water as the energy storage medium. Different materials and methods for GES have been proposed (Fyke 2019). Emerging GES technologies typically use a low-cost and abundant medium such as sand, concrete, gravel, or rock. The general concept involves lifting the storage medium from the ground (or from underground in places with abandoned mine shafts) to a higher elevation. The kinetic energy of the heavy weight held at high elevation can be extracted using an electric induction generator, similar to the concept that enables regenerative braking in electric vehicles. To date, no GES technology has demonstrated commercial viability at scale; however, there are several startups that have either developed pilot projects or are working toward beginning construction on larger projects. Startup Energy Vault has developed a demonstration project in Switzerland that uses cranes to lift and lower large blocks of concrete to store and generate electricity. Likewise, the California-based Advanced Rail Energy Storage startup is currently developing a pilot project that stores and releases electricity by moving a mass on a rail line up and down an incline. 26 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.PDF Image | USAID GRID-SCALE ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES PRIMER
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