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4 AdditionalEnergyStorageTechnologies Chemical energy storage relies on utilizing thermal or electrical energy to drive chemical or physical reactions. These reactions yield stable chemicals that can store energy for long periods of time given the proper storage conditions. These chemicals can then be burned or subjected to additional chemical reactions to convert the latent energy in the chemical to electricity. Due to its relatively stable composition, chemical energy storage has the potential to store large amounts of energy for long timescales and may potentially be used to address long-term seasonal imbalances in energy supply and demand. These technologies are often referred to as power-to-gas as the chemicals used to store energy occur in gaseous forms (although in some cases they may be cooled to a liquid state or embedded on the surface of or within solids). Common chemicals investigated for their potential to store energy for the power sector include: hydrogen, methane, and ammonia. This paper focuses on hydrogen for power-to- gas chemical energy storage technologies as it is the most prominent choice for chemical energy storage and is currently receiving the most investment. Thermal energy storage (TES) refers to technologies that can store heat for later use. Some TES technologies use electricity to generate heat and store the heat until it is converted back to electricity, while other TES store and release heat directly without converting to and from electricity. This primer focuses on the former. In some applications, such as with concentrated solar power, TES is used to store heat directly and that heat is later used to power steam turbines that generate electricity. Electrical energy storage systems typically refer to supercapacitors and superconducting magnetic energy storage. Both of these technologies are marked by exceedingly fast response times and high power capacities with relatively low energy capacities. 28 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.PDF Image | USAID GRID-SCALE ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES PRIMER
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