PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 036
4.1 HydrogenEnergyStorageSystems Technology Summary for Policymakers The large-scale production of hydrogen from electricity and its efficient conversion back to electricity is still in the pilot-phase of development, although a few large-scale projects have been completed around the world, with more planned. Although technically capable of providing short-term services like frequency regulation, hydrogen is currently unable to compete with electrochemical energy storage like lithium-ion batteries for shorter duration services on a cost-basis; however, hydrogen energy storage is uniquely suited to provide services on very long timescales, such as shifting surpluses of renewable energy in the spring to deficits in the winter or summer. While costs are currently high for producing hydrogen and subsequent generation of power, its potential applications in the transportation sector and industrial processes could help accelerate cost declines. Hydrogen energy storage systems for electricity (electrons-to-electrons) rely on the production, storage, and eventual reconversion of the hydrogen into electricity (either through the combustion of hydrogen gas, or the direct conversion of hydrogen and oxygen in a fuel cell). Large-scale hydrogen production to store electricity will rely on both water and electricity inputs. There are many potential ways to convert water into hydrogen gas, however, the most mature method is based on electrolysis, in which electricity is used to split the water molecule into hydrogen and oxygen gas.10 Electrolysis is an efficient process (72%–82%) over a wide range of power levels, which makes the production of hydrogen from electricity a flexible process that could help balance fluctuations in supply and demand and absorb surpluses of renewable electricity.11 Because electrolysis relies on low voltage direct current electrical input, solar photovoltaic or wind power plants could potentially serve as a direct power source for this water-splitting process. Figure 3 shows an overview of several methods that are currently used, or could be used, to produce hydrogen feedstock and their end uses. Table 7 discusses some of the processes available to produce hydrogen in more detail. 10 This is opposed to producing hydrogen from natural gas through a process known as steam reforming, which currently accounts for approximately 95% of hydrogen production in the United States (U.S. DRIVE 2017). For an in-depth review of the various methods to produce hydrogen gas, either from water or hydrocarbons such as natural gas, see Basile and Iulianelli (2014), Zhang et al. (2014) or U.S. DRIVE (2017). 11 When discussing the efficiency of producing hydrogen through electrolysis, the standard format is to represent the ratio of the energy required to produce a set amount of hydrogen and the chemical energy in the hydrogen produced. This metric does not capture losses from using the hydrogen to later produce electricity and is thus not a round-trip efficiency. 29 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.PDF Image | USAID GRID-SCALE ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES PRIMER
PDF Search Title:
USAID GRID-SCALE ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES PRIMEROriginal File Name Searched:
76097.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
Turbine and System Plans CAD CAM: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. More Info
Waste Heat Power Technology: Organic Rankine Cycle uses waste heat to make electricity, shaft horsepower and cooling. More Info
All Turbine and System Products: Infinity Turbine ORD systems, turbine generator sets, build plans and more to use your waste heat from 30C to 100C. More Info
CO2 Phase Change Demonstrator: CO2 goes supercritical at 30 C. This is a experimental platform which you can use to demonstrate phase change with low heat. Includes integration area for small CO2 turbine, static generator, and more. This can also be used for a GTL Gas to Liquids experimental platform. More Info
Introducing the Infinity Turbine Products Infinity Turbine develops and builds systems for making power from waste heat. It also is working on innovative strategies for storing, making, and deploying energy. More Info
Need Strategy? Use our Consulting and analyst services Infinity Turbine LLC is pleased to announce its consulting and analyst services. We have worked in the renewable energy industry as a researcher, developing sales and markets, along with may inventions and innovations. More Info
Made in USA with Global Energy Millennial Web Engine These pages were made with the Global Energy Web PDF Engine using Filemaker (Claris) software.
Sand Battery Sand and Paraffin for TES Thermo Energy Storage More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)