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4.4 SuperconductingMagneticEnergyStorage(SMES) Technology Summary for Policymakers SMES systems store energy in the electrical charge of a coil of superconducting material, which exhibits zero resistance below certain temperatures. These devices require external cooling infrastructure to maintain extremely low temperatures. SMES devices have been used for several decades in applications that require near-instantaneous absorption or injection of high levels of power over short time frames, such as in power quality applications. SMES systems are marked by high power densities, low energy densities, very fast reaction times, and long cycle lives. A SMES device stores energy by passing an electrical charge through a coil of superconducting material, producing a strong magnetic field. The material used in SMES devices are metal alloys that must be cooled to extremely cold temperatures to achieve zero electrical resistance. An SMES device charges by drawing electrical current from the grid into the superconducting coil. As long as the necessary temperature is maintained inside the device, electrical energy will be stored without losses until it is drawn from the coil. Round-trip AC-AC efficiency is relatively high at 90%, with most of the losses occurring in the conversion of AC to DC power and DC to AC power during charging and discharging. Storage efficiency is also impacted by the energy required to maintain the extremely low temperature of the superconducting coil (Luo et al. 2015; Breeze 2018). In addition to cooling needs, SMES structures require significant physical reinforcement to stabilize the storage system under the magnetic forces generated during operation. As such, most successful SMES projects to date have been of limited overall size (Breeze 2018). Despite these size and cooling limitations, SMES is a very stable form of energy storage as there are no moving parts. SMES are marked by exceedingly high power densities and very low energy densities, and can almost instantaneously discharge their energy, making them suitable for short duration, high power applications such as power quality and responding to sudden changes in load or generation. 4.4.1 Current and Emerging Applications SMES have been used in power systems primarily in stabilizing applications due to their ability to absorb or inject large amounts of real and reactive power in relatively short timeframes. These applications can occur at the bulk power system to help ensure that voltage, current or frequency fluctuations do not propagate through the power system, or at specific customer locations to ensure power quality for sensitive applications. 4.4.2 Emerging Applications and R&D Efforts While high-temperature superconducting materials are available, which would lower the associated costs of cooling the SMES system, these materials typically display poorer operating characteristics relative to traditional superconducting materials. Furthermore, these materials (primarily ceramic) are quite brittle, making them difficult to apply in power system applications. Improved performance, stability, and reliability from these high-temperature superconducting materials is being explored and would help make SMES more economically attractive to power system applications (Breeze 2018). Additional research efforts have been made to both reduce the overall costs of SMES systems, as well as economically scale the systems for larger bulk power system applications (Luo et al. 2015). 37 This report is available at no cost from the National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) at www.nrel.gov/publications.PDF Image | USAID GRID-SCALE ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES PRIMER
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