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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY OF THE DOE BASIC ENERGY SCIENCES WORKSHOP BASIC RESEARCH NEEDS FOR CARBON CAPTURE BEYOND 2020 The problem of thermodynamically efficient and scalable carbon capture stands as one of the greatest challenges for modern energy researchers. The vast majority of US and global energy use derives from fossil fuels, the combustion of which results in the emission of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. These anthropogenic emissions are now altering the climate.1 Although many alternatives to combustion are being considered, the fact is that combustion will remain a principal component of the global energy system for decades to come. Today’s carbon capture technologies are expensive and cumbersome and energy intensive. If scientists could develop practical and cost-effective methods to capture carbon, those methods would at once alter the future of the largest industry in the world and provide a technical solution to one of the most vexing problems facing humanity. The carbon capture problem is a true grand challenge for today’s scientists. Postcombustion CO2 capture requires major new developments in disciplines spanning fundamental theoretical and experimental physical chemistry, materials design and synthesis, and chemical engineering. To start with, the CO2 molecule itself is thermodynamically stable and binding to it requires a distortion of the molecule away from its linear and symmetric arrangement. This binding of the gas molecule cannot be too strong, however; the sheer quantity of CO2 that must be captured ultimately dictates that the capture medium must be recycled over2and over. Hence the CO2 once bound, must be released with relatively little energy input. Further, the CO2 must be rapidly and selectively pulled out of a mixture that contains many other gaseous components.3 The related processes of precombustion capture and oxycombustion pose similar challenges. It is this nexus of high-speed capture with high selectivity and minimal energy loss that makes this a true grand challenge problem, far beyond any of today’s artificial molecular manipulation technologies, and one whose solution will drive the advancement of molecular science to a new level of sophistication. 1 For more than the last 420,000 years, the concentration of CO2 in the environment has varied between 180 and 280 parts per million (ppm) as the Earth has moved between glacial and interglacial periods, but it has never exceeded 280 ppm.1 After the beginning of the industrial revolution, however, the concentration of atmospheric CO2 has steadily climbed, to about 390 ppm in 2010 [http://www.esrl.noaa.gov/gmd/ccgg/trends/]. The emission of CO2, if left unchecked, is projected to exceed 500 ppm in 2050 as world demand for energy climbs and more coal, oil, and natural gas are consumed. CO2 in the atmosphere acts a positive forcing on the climate. The best estimates of the sensitivity of the global temperature to a doubling of atmospheric CO2, including feedbacks, is about 4°C.2 The complete set of impacts that will result from the increased CO2 concentrations are not known, but many observations have already correlated changes in temperature, precipitation, sea levels, ocean pH, and other climate-related parameters with these increased concentrations [http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/climate/globalwarming.html]. 2 Anthropogenic global CO2 emissions of 30 gigatons a year dwarf by more than a factor of 60 the top 100 bulk commodity chemicals produced. 3 A typical 550 MW coal-fired electrical plant produces about 2 million ft3 of flue gas per minute, containing a mixture of CO2, H2O, N2, O2, NOx, SOx, and ash. However, the CO2 is present at very low concentrations (<15%) after conventional combustion, requiring very effective separation processes. Precombustion strategies, in which coal is gasified prior to combustion, can be used to increase the concentration of CO2 in the flue gas to about 40%. In oxycombustion, purified oxygen (separated from air) is used in the combustion process, resulting in a flue gas that is predominately CO2 (over 60%) in steam, making separation a matter of cooling to condense steam. ixPDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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