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nitrogen; oxygen; and traces of sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, and other materials originating from the fuel and the air used for combustion. Thus capturing CO2 from this complex mixture at high levels of purity requires highly efficient separation techniques. In addition to capturing CO2 after combustion, strategies for reducing CO2 emissions include precombustion capture and oxycombustion. Precombustion capture is primarily applicable to gasification plants in which the fuel (e.g., coal, biomass) is converted to gaseous components prior to combustion; it concentrates the levels of CO2 to greater than 40%. In oxycombustion, relatively pure oxygen is used in the combustion process and produces CO2 at levels of about 60%. The advantage of both of these processes is that CO2 is produced in significantly higher concentrations than with postcombustion capture processes, making capture much more efficient. In all three strategies, CO2 must be efficiently separated from other gaseous components or water vapor for subsequent sequestration or conversion. While CO2 capture is relatively easy with oxycombustion, the process requires the ability to separate oxygen from air at low cost. Currently, three main types of separation strategies are used—liquid absorbents, solid adsorbents, and membranes—all of which are described in detail later in this report. All three of these separation strategies depend upon materials and chemical and physical processes to separate a targeted gas from a mixture. Although some of today’s technologies for capturing CO2 may be relatively efficient, all require considerable energy for isolation of the CO2. This is because current separation techniques require changes in temperature and/or pressure to drive the separation process. In addition, because of the massive volumes of CO2 that must be captured, regeneration of the capture materials for reuse is required. This means that a driving force is needed to release the CO2 after capture. Carbon capture materials currently used, including aqueous amines, require a large amount of energy to release the captured CO2. The energy required for these separation and release processes lowers the overall efficiency of a power generating facility, resulting in substantially higher overall costs for electricity (as much as 50–80% higher) compared with facilities without carbon capture. To realize the goal of capping environmental concentrations of CO2 while the demands for energy continue to increase, there is a critical need for next-generation separation concepts that will provide efficient, cost-effective technologies for carbon capture in the future. The Department of Energy, both the Office of Basic Energy Sciences and Fossil Energy, convened two workshops; the first, Carbon Capture 2020, was held in October 2009, and was led by FE. The current workshop was led by BES and was convened with the recognition that the challenges for efficient carbon capture will not be met by simple incremental improvements in current technologies. The workshop participants were charged with identifying fundamental research needs and opportunities that would provide the underpinning knowledge needed to make the significant advances in separation technologies required for carbon capture. Prior to the workshop, industry and applied research laboratories prepared a technology resource document, Technology and Applied R&D Needs for Carbon Capture: Beyond 2020 (Appendix A of this report), which provided the foundation on which the workshop participants initiated discussion at the workshop. The workshop was attended by more than 70 scientists from universities, national laboratories, and industry, as well as representatives from the Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Basic Energy Sciences, the DOE Office of Fossil Energy, and the Advanced Research Projects Agency–Energy. 4PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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