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These current CO2 capture methods also have other limitations. Water and amines are themselves volatile, contributing to the energy costs of the separation and resulting in the loss of absorbent over time. Certain contaminants, such as the sulfur oxides, interfere with the amine–CO2 reaction. The amine absorbents themselves are corrosive and also decompose over time. Most important, a high amount of energy is required to drive these separations, representing a significant fraction of the energy produced by combusting coal. Other industrial applications of liquid absorbents to separate other gases are far less common. The separation of oxygen (O2) from air, needed to enable oxyfuel combustion, is in fact performed very effectively in the body. Blood is a complex, hierarchically structured liquid that builds on components (hemoglobin) tailored from the molecular level to selectively bind O2 and transport it to cells. In these cells, the oxygen is used in the biological analog of oxyfuel combustion. We have not yet learned to master these approaches in the way nature has, but this powerful example illustrates the potential for expanding liquid absorption into broader domains that could revolutionize the ability to separate targeted gases from air. Basic Science Challenges and Opportunities The properties of an ideal gas-separating liquid absorbent are clear: • It should have a high selectivity toward binding the gas of interest over all the other gases in the mixture to be separated. • It should have a high capacity to bind the gas at one condition. • It should readily release the gas on demand with a minimal amount of input energy at another desired condition. • It should support fast and reversible transport and reaction between gas and absorbent phases. • It should be thermally and chemically stable in the environment of intended use. • It should have physical properties (e.g., heat capacity, density, viscosity, vapor pressure, enthalpy of vaporization) that are well matched to use. • It should be readily synthesized from abundant and accessible precursors. Today’s inventory of liquid absorbents for carbon capture and other applications are far from this absorbent paradise. Rather than having control over these properties and characteristics to effect selective separations, we are currently constrained to make do with the properties of known classes of materials and to design separation systems to accommodate the properties. Our toolkits for tuning the chemical and physical properties of absorbents are limited and largely empirical; consequently, the pool of approaches available for driving separations is equally limited. The enticing opportunity is to invert this practice, so that rather than the separation process and conditions being fitted to the available absorbents, the absorbent properties are tailored to be optimally suited to the desired separation. There are several basic scientific challenges that must be overcome to realize the full potential of liquid absorbents for separation of targeted gases: • The basic physical processes at work in the absorbent bulk and at the critical absorbent– gas interface must be understood and modeled in detail. Absorbents must be 12PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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