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SOLID SORBENTS Current Status When a gas makes contact with a solid, it can be taken up by the solid, just as gaseous odors in your refrigerator can be taken up by activated charcoal or baking soda. The gas either enters the solid (absorption) or remains adhering to the surface of the solid (adsorption). The processes of adsorption and absorption by a solid are collectively referred to as “sorption.” The solid that takes up the gas is the adsorbent, and the gas adhering to the surface is called the adsorbate. It is not easy to distinguish whether the gas is adsorbed or absorbed because most solid materials have pores into which gases can diffuse, and there is not a common technique that could be used to distinguish the two processes if they are occurring simultaneously. However, note that because adsorption requires a gas molecule to make stronger contact with a surface than with itself, the process of adsorption brings gas molecules closer to each other on the surface than off the surface. The gas molecules make contact with the surface through physisorption (weak binding to the surface through polarizing forces) or chemisorption (strong binding to the surface through strong covalent bonds). Sorption is more energetically favorable than compacting gases by applying high pressure or low temperature. Sorbent materials have a number of design criteria. First, it is preferable to design surfaces that minimize the energy required to remove the adsorbed gas from the surface (i.e., physisorption requires lower energy to release the gas than chemisorption). The increased energy required to release the gas can contribute substantially to the cost of electricity, for example. Second, the gas capture material should have high capacity, meaning that it should possess a large number of surface adsorption sites to which gases may bind. Thus the design of materials with high surface areas is important. High surface area may be achieved either by making small particles of adsorbents or by making materials with highly porous internal structures. Examples of such porous solids include zeolites and activated carbon (see the sidebar “Zeolites and Activated Carbon”), which have surface areas ranging from few hundred m2/g to over 3,000 m2/g. Finely divided particles would need to be ~3 nm in size in order to achieve the same level of surface area. These are difficult to make, and their potential adsorbing surfaces are difficult to access because such small particles can pack closely and prevent efficient gas flow. The porous solids overcome this problem because their permanently open structures allow gases to pass through the pores and subsequently bind to their internal surfaces. A third key requirement for solid sorbents is to design the material to allow selective removal of a target gas molecule from mixtures. This selectivity allows the pores to be filled preferentially with one gas, which is subsequently released, allowing the porous material to be reused. The selective binding of a specific gas molecule is accomplished in a porous material by matching the pore openings with the shape and/or size of that gas molecule (shape- and size-selective binding, as shown in Figure 3. Additionally, it is possible to design the steric, electronic, and chemical properties of the adsorption sites within the pores to make the material more selective of specific gas molecules. The advent of nanoscience and the associated synthetic, analytical, and computational capabilities developed to design, synthesize, and characterize materials with specific functionality has the potential to enable a new generation of solid sorbents. 17PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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