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Figure 5. Schematic of a membrane separating a mixture of molecules. Here a mixture of methane (four atoms) and carbon dioxide (three atoms) is depicted. The CO2 is preferentially passing through the membrane, allowing it to be enriched. Membranes used currently are selective for certain components in a mixture, but most cannot exhibit absolute (or 100%) selectivity for a particular component. MEMBRANES Abstract Three-dimensional architectures are one of the critical structural features of current membrane technologies; however, advancements in the methods to produce such structures have lagged behind the advancements in materials chemistry that have led to dramatic improvements in membrane performance. Recent developments in top-down and bottom-up methods for the production of 3-D architectures provide exciting opportunities to prepare high-performance robust membranes. Such hierarchical structures may offer novel low-energy routes to carbon capture. Introduction and Current Status Highly permeable and exquisitely selective membranes are ubiquitous in nature, where they form the outer walls of cells and govern transport of materials into and out of the cell.1 Synthetic membranes, made from polymers or inorganic materials, are also widely used in industry as separating devices.2 A membrane separates species by selectively permeating certain components of a mixture faster than others through a thin barrier in response to an external driving force, such as a concentration, partial pressure or, more generally, a chemical potential gradient (see Figure 5).3 Membranes offer a number of inherent advantages over other technologies for separating gases, including • simple, passive operation with no moving parts • environmentally benign separation without the use of hazardous chemicals • small footprint, which is critically important in some applications (e.g., aboard aircraft or spacecraft or on offshore natural gas platforms) • lower energy use because they can separate species without a phase change Figure 6 provides some perspective on these attributes with respect to carbon capture. The photograph shows a gas separation membrane unit being used to remove CO2 from natural gas. The membranes were installed at this facility after an amine absorption system was taken offline because the columns had been corroded by the amine solution previously used to remove CO2 from the natural gas. The device highlighted in the red box is the membrane system; all other hardware shown in this picture is related to the amine system. The figure provides a compelling example of the reductions in footprint and process complexity that can be achieved by using membranes relative to amine absorption, a current technology for carbon capture. However, the membranes currently used have considerable gaps in capabilities for effective gas separation. To capitalize on the very appealing features of membranes as a transformational means of capturing CO2, O2, and other gases important to reducing CO2 emissions requires development of next-generation membrane materials. 25PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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