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partial pressure gradients. Hydrogen-permeable ceramic or metal membranes also have severe surface contamination problems that cause a decline in permeation flux and a change in surface catalytic properties during use. Key chemical and physical mechanisms that affect membrane stability and transport properties need to be understood so that membranes with improved properties can be developed. New tools are required to study membranes at realistic conditions, allowing in-situ monitoring of chemical and physical properties of the bulk and surface of the membrane. Coupled with new capabilities for modeling these mechanisms, these tools could enable development of new membranes with vastly enhanced stability. Scientific Questions and Opportunities Polymeric materials that separate gases through the solution diffusion mechanism have dominated membrane technology for the past 30 years; however, new materials that take advantage of new transport mechanisms offer huge opportunities for significant advancements in technologies for efficient, cost-effective carbon capture. For example, facilitated transport and mixed ionic-electronic conducting ceramic membranes may achieve near infinite selectivity for targeted gases or ions by tuning chemical interactions with high specificity. Recent reports have demonstrated the efficacy of this approach for several challenging applications, including olefin/paraffin separations, oxygen and hydrogen purification, and CO2 rejection. However, these materials (in the case of facilitated transport membranes) are often unstable or cannot operate efficiently at conditions relevant to those experienced in large-scale carbon capture (i.e., temperature, pressure, and gas composition). Therefore, significant fundamental advances in the design of new composite membranes are required to design membranes with high specificity for selective transport of target molecules relevant to carbon capture. Areas considered especially important include • Understanding the roles of kinetics and nanoscale structure to enable the design of next- generation membranes that react reversibly with targeted molecular or ion species. • New approaches for the synthesis of composite membranes that incorporate specific functionalities (e.g., chelators) to enable new modalities of efficient separation of targeted gases and ions using membrane technologies. • Discovery of revolutionary new mechanisms not yet envisioned to selectively transport target molecules and ions across membranes. Potential Impact The research areas outlined in this PRD seek to obtain insight into material stability and specific membrane/gas interactions to design next-generation carbon-capture membranes with long life and outstanding transport performance. They also have the potential to make significant impacts on other fields such as fuel cell technology and membrane reactors. For example, the fundamental understanding and control of membrane material stability can foster the synthesis of novel, highly stable membranes and reveal synergistic material combinations that couple high transport rates with unprecedented selectivity. As a result, near-infinite selectivity and high permeance may be achieved at much lower temperatures than with current mixed-conducting membranes. Also, the ability to tailor chemical and physical interactions may enable stable membranes with exquisite selectivity for ionic and neutral species at the moderate temperatures typical of post-combustion flue gases. New 75PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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