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ALTERNATIVE DRIVING FORCES AND STIMULI-RESPONSIVE MATERIALS FOR CARBON CAPTURE Abstract Current gas separation processes typically use a chemical potential gradient IN the form of a change in pressure or temperature to drive capture/release cycles. For example, polymer membranes generally rely on pressure-driven transport, and ceramic ion transport membranes for oxygen separation rely on both thermal energy and partial pressure driving force. Indeed, nearly 35% of the energy produced in power generation can be consumed in these capture/release mechanisms. A major challenge in meeting future requirements for efficient carbon capture processes is to identify alternative driving forces that can be harnessed to achieve gas separation more energy-efficiently. These new driving forces could substantially lower the energy needed to achieve the desired separation. Background and Motivation Current gas separation processes are predominantly driven by a change (swing) in pressure or temperature, such as imposing a pressure drop across a membrane to concentrate the targeted gas or heating a solid or liquid sorbent to release the trapped gas. Creating temperature or pressure swings requires significant energy and accounts for much of the increased cost of electricity associated with current carbon capture processes, which are estimated to consume 30% or more of energy produced in power generation. Thus a fundamental challenge in improving carbon capture processes is to minimize the energy cost of driving gas (molecular or ionic) separation processes (see the sidebar “Novel Swing Mechanisms.”) This PRD focuses on the development of a new generation of smart materials to achieve low- energy isolation of targeted gases associated with combustion processes. In this PRD, both membranes and solid sorbent materials are considered, although similar processes could be incorporated with liquid sorbents as well. Materials that have switchable behavior could be triggered by a variety of possible mechanisms and could allow for an external stimulus to mediate the capture/release cycle in a facile manner. Dynamic materials are known,1,2 including several highly porous materials such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs).3 One example is shown in Figure 24, in which an MOF lattice undergoes a phase change from a Figure 24. Guest-induced dynamic phase transition. Some MOF materials undergo large structural transformations upon guest binding. In this case, a low-porosity phase (left) transitions into a highly porous phase (right) in the presence of O2, but not of Ar or N2. Source: D. Tanaka, K. Nakagawa, M. Higuchi, S. Horike, Y. Kubota, T. C. Kobayashi, M. Takata, and S. Kitagawa, “Kinetic gate-opening process in a flexible porous coordination polymer,” Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 47, 3914– 3918 (2008). Copyright Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH and Company KGaA. Reproduced with permission. 77PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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