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Figure 29. Neutron Fourier difference plot. The unit cell of the Mg–MOF74 lattice is shown in green, red, and grey. CO2 molecules are shown in yellow. It is obvious that the CO2 absorbs in structurally specific positions in the lattice. chemical stability in extreme environments is needed in addition to the demands of temperature and pressure. Scattering experiments to quantify the local structure (and hence solubility) of gases in liquids will push the limits of sensitivity and reproducibility in scattering experiments, made possible only through the availability of high- flux sources and optimized instruments. Similarly, the challenges of understanding structure and dynamics in thin- film membranes will push the limits of experimental capabilities in neutron reflectometry and grazing-incidence scattering. In addition, new optics and detector concepts are needed to push both the sensitivity and the spatial resolution of neutron-based techniques. Finally, the critical need for detailed information on transport and molecular environments in separation processes will be a key driver in advancing sample environments to access real materials under operating conditions. Environmental electron microscopy. Recent developments in advanced electron optics and aberration correction have made it feasible to achieve sub-angstrom imaging resolution using transmission and scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM). The coupling of these instrument innovations with novel designs for specialized in situ STEM holders (miniaturized flow-cells held within the microscope column) can allow for the direct imaging of materials behavior within a gaseous or liquid layer (e.g., in-cell environmental exposures) under heating, temperature cycling, potential cycling, mechanical manipulation, pressure, and other processes at high spatial and temporal resolution within the column of the electron microscope. Additional advances in in situ methodologies are needed to elucidate fundamental structure–property relationships, such as understanding the degradation of thin gas separation membranes under a variety of operating conditions relevant to carbon capture science. In addition, combining STEM techniques with other imaging, diffraction, and spectroscopic characterization techniques could provide multiple dimensions of information on capture materials and processes. Scanning probe microscopy. Scanning probe microscopy (SPM) can provide high- resolution images of surfaces using a physical probe that scans the specimen. SPM has recently been adapted to examine the flow and absorption of mobile molecules and has the potential to uncover otherwise hidden details that govern the interaction between gases and various capture media. SPM allows very precise measurements of surfaces—changes in height of about 1 trillionth of a meter over regions as small as a few billionths of a meter. And, since absorption of a gas molecule will cause a material to swell slightly, SPM can detect local changes in volume, allowing the technique to “see” the movement of gas 91PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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