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alters the energetics and thus the binding affinity. Information can validate theoretical models and lead to a more fundamental understanding of transport. The kinetics of transport are very difficult to measure currently, especially in the lower-dimensional systems envisaged for nanostructured high-performance systems. Just as in the static case, cooperative effects (gas–gas, host–phonon) are important and must be understood. A grand challenge for existing techniques lies in the need to make these measurements very locally in solid or liquid disordered systems. At very high loadings, the strong gas–gas and gas–host interactions may lead to rapid changes in chemical or mechanical behavior. These interactions could be useful if controlled. For example, mechanical changes could be used as a means to release an adsorbed gas with a low energy penalty, but they may also be damaging, for example, causing materials cracking and failure. Understanding and Control of Nanoscale Synthesis in Multiple Dimensions New separation media will require the design and synthesis of tailored 1D, 2D, and 3D structures with external and internal surfaces optimized with respect to geometry and functionality. Methods to probe nanoscale structures, including imaging (electron and probe microscopy), diffraction (x-ray, electron, neutron), and spectroscopy (e.g., vibrational, optical, electron, neutron) will be needed to visualize the structures. Methods are needed to aid imaging of nanoscale and mesoscale 2D structures using “tags” that could illuminate chemical or other activity (e.g., quantum dots or nanoparticles). One-dimensional structures, such as nanotubes or pipes, offer a route to tailored membranes. Methods are needed to functionalize the openings of 1D structures (e.g., channels), such as aligned carbon nanotubes (to make tailored membranes) or external surfaces of nanoporous channels in crystalline and amorphous materials. Characterization methods are needed that will allow the chemical functionalization to be characterized at spatially restricted areas, such as openings of channels. Characterization for Guided Synthesis and Processing Strategies A very broad, important crosscutting theme emerged from the workshop that involves characterization and, equally, computation and materials synthesis. It is clear that all of the strategies for carbon capture are currently limited by the lack of high-performance materials. Current membranes, solids, liquids, and other critical components of an energy-efficient carbon capture system are not performing at the theoretical limits of what is possible. As a result, current carbon capture technologies are not energy- and resource-efficient; their inefficiency impacts their cost and application and causes them to fall far short of meeting needs for effective carbon capture strategies needed in the future. It became clear in the workshop that solving the technical bottlenecks in the development of new carbon capture strategies involves developing new materials and chemical processes with radically improved performance. The route to the required performance improvements was defined as a “design/control” or guided approach as opposed to a trial-and-error or empirical approach. To achieve this revolution in materials and chemical process performance will require very close coordination of novel materials synthesis and processing, state-of-the-art characterization techniques of the kind described in this section, and theory and computation. 97PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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