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A second major theme of the report builds on the first theme of understanding gas/media interactions and centers on the discovery and design of new materials for separations. Several PRDs are focused in this area and seek to develop new ways to control the structure and functionality of materials to effect highly efficient separation processes. Achieving new classes of materials that take advantage of the enabling features of atomic/molecular architecture, structural dynamics, and physical/chemical phenomena to maximize selective mass transport is a scientific grand challenge. Of particular interest would be the ability to design and synthesize materials with controlled structure in three dimensions on multiple length scales (e.g., from nanometer to micron). These same capabilities would open up the ability to incorporate features that increase the stability of materials or even “self-repair.” The required advances in design and synthesis span broad classes of materials—including polymer and inorganic membranes, inorganic solids, fluids and hybrid composites. Taking advantage of nanoscale design and control, these materials could be synthesized using top/down, bottom/up, or even self-assembly techniques. Further, they could be designed to incorporate cooperative processes to enhance selectivity, similar to processes that occur in nature. This could be accomplished by coupling the binding of a target gas with a change in a structure or other change in the capture material to lower the overall energy cost of the coupled uptake and release process. The ability to control structure and functionality of materials opens up unprecedented capabilities for maximizing uptake, transport, and release of target gases. A third major theme in the report involved the need to develop innovations in the triggers that are used to drive capture/release processes. Today’s gas separation processes typically use changes in pressure or temperature (so-called “swings”) to drive separations, which give rise to increased energy requirements. To realize more effective means of capturing and releasing carbon dioxide, alternative triggers are critically needed to make future separation process more cost effective. To harness these alternative driving forces will require the design of “smart” materials that have switchable behaviours that can be triggered by external forces. For example, a material might be designed that could be switched between an open phase to allow gas transport and a closed phase to capture targeted species. Such smart materials are known in nature, including channels in cell membranes that allow the selective transport of ions and small molecules. The triggers for such changes could be manifested in any number of forms, including light, electric and magnetic fields, and chemical gradients or pH, among others. Designing materials that are driven by energy effective triggers will require understanding the structure/performance relationships of these separations systems at the molecular level. This understanding will drive the development of radically different separation schemes, including the possible application of a combination of driving forces in multi-functional separation materials. As emphasized throughout the Report, to design new classes of separation materials with tailored properties requires the fundamental understanding of the myriad physical and chemical processes that affect a particular separation scheme. Thus, a major cross-cutting research theme identified in the Report was the development of analytical tools that can characterize materials structure and molecular processes across broad spatial and temporal scales. Specific needs identified in the Report include examining interfaces and thin films at the atomic and molecular levels, achieving an atomic/molecular-scale understanding of gas- host structures and kinetics, and understanding and controlling nanoscale synthesis in 117PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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