PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 145
1.0 Introduction A large body of evidence demonstrates that global temperatures are rising. Eleven of the past 12 years rank among the 12 warmest since the 1850s, when temperature began to be regularly recorded [1]. Many attribute t his r ecent g lobal w arming t o hu man i nfluence on a tmospheric c omposition, p articularly t he increaseincarbondioxide.Overthepastseveralhundredyears,atmosphericCO2 concentrationshave steadily i ncreased from t he p re-industrial level of 280 t o ov er 370 ppm . T he i ncreases i n C O2 concentrations a re a ttributed pr imarily t o bur ning of coal, o il a nd na tural g as f or e lectrical g eneration, transportation, i ndustrial a nd dom estic us es ( e.g. c ement manufacturers). I n 2007, hum an a ctivities emitted r oughly 37 G tCO2 to t he atmosphere, 85 % of w hich came f rom c ombusting f ossil fuels a s a primary energy source and the balance from changes in land cover [2, 3]. R oughly one-third of the 37 GtCO2 emitted in 2007 came from the United States and China [4]. If unabated, atmospheric CO2 levels will c ontinue t o i ncrease r apidly a nd, w ithin 50 y ears, m ay e xceed c oncentrations ne eded t o pr otect sensitive e cosystems a nd a void f looding i n l ow-lying coastal areas. To a ddress this challenge, a m ulti- pronged a pproach i s ne eded t o d ecrease C O2 emissions w hich i nclude e fficient pr oduction a nd us e of energy, solar power, wind energy, biomass utilization, switching to fuel sources with lower or negligible emissions, and carbon capture and storage (CCS). Carbon capture involves the separation of CO2 from an effluent stream and compressed to a liquid or supercritical state for transportation by pipeline. It is then injected into geologic reservoirs (e.g., oil and gas fields, deep saline aquifers) where the geologic structure and processes are expected to store the CO2 for thousands of y ears. C CS i s c urrently hi gh on a dministrative a nd l egislative a gendas w orldwide. I n July 2008, t he G 8 l eaders called for 20 C CS de monstrations a nnounced g lobally b y 2010. S ince then, many c ountries have i nvested si gnificant su ms t o i nitiate co mmercial-scale d emonstrations an d b egan developing policies to address legal and regulatory concerns about geologic storage. Capture standards for new facilities have been proposed in legislation in Europe and the United States. These proposals would set a performance standard (either in unit of CO2 per unit of energy or as a percentage-based reduction in overall CO2 emissions). In t he U nited S tates, t he majority o f 2 008 emissions f rom stationary so urces came from the electricity sector, primarily from coal-fired power plants [5]. A wide variety of industrial facilities also emit CO2 as a by- or co-product of the industrial processes inherent to their industry, such as ethanol fermentation, oil and gas refining, chemical (including ethylene and ethylene oxide) production, hydrogen production, as well as others such as pulp and paper, iron and steel, ammonia and fertilizer, and cement manufacturing. CO2 in exhaust streams is present to various extents, at various temperatures and pressures, and with various other constituents (e.g. NOx, SO2). Such a variety suggests that different markets for CO2 capture technologies might exist and that number of different technologies to capture CO2 will be necessary. A cost-effective technology that is flexible and robust to these different applications, however, is likely to be valued and more desirable than a niche-market counterpart. A typical taxonomy separates CO2 capture into three categories: (1) post-combustion, (2) pre-combustion, and (3) oxy-combustion capture [5]. Post-combustion capture separates CO2 from exhaust gases. Using coal as a fuel, pre-combustion cap ture en tails g asifying t he co al p rior to c ombustion in a process t hat produces a readily capture-able stream of CO2. The technology used for carbon capture in pre-combustion is similar to that used in the hydrogen industry. Oxy-combustion capture produces a relatively pure stream of CO2 and water vapor by burning the coal in pure oxygen, where nitrogen is separated from air prior to combustion. Processes that seek to capture 90% or more of the CO2 in the exhaust stream are being developed, bu t i t i s e qually i f not more i mportant t hat t his t reated s tream be c omposed a s much a s possible of the exhaust stream that would otherwise be emitted. The gigatons of CO2 that need to be captured necessitate the reuse o f an y cap ture m aterial. It is further crucial t o c onsider how the capture technology can sc ale w ith t he exhaust stream an d the am ount o f C O2 being e mitted. Similarly, th e Carbon Capture Factual Document 7PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
PDF Search Title:
2020 Carbon CaptureOriginal File Name Searched:
1291240.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |