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physical space needed for the capture technology is important; roughly doubling the size of the facility that produces the CO2. Furthermore, the potential for retrofits to the old fleet of coal-fired power plants and n ew-build i nstallations o f C O2 capture technology w ill v ary regionally, a nd pr ovide incentive f or technology development for both retrofits and new-builds. Importantly, current capture systems require large amounts o f en ergy t o o perate. This d ecreases net efficiency an d contributes s ignificantly t o C O2 capture costs. Depending on the nature of the point source, cost estimates range from as low as roughly $20/tCO2 to nearly $100/tCO2 [5, 6]. Technological advances driven by multi-disciplinary fundamental research offer a path forward leading to novel materials and processing methods that will greatly improve capture efficiencies and lower cost. This document provides the factual background for the basic science and research needs for CO2 capture technologies to support the BES Basic Research Needs Workshop for Carbon Capture: 2020 and Beyond. This workshop will identify key basic research directions that could provide transformative breakthroughs needed for meeting future requirements for carbon capture. The intent of this document is to provide a broad-based overview of current technologies used for carbon capture – focusing primarily on materials used for carbon capture and alternative gas separation pathways – and to better define the requirements necessary to achieve f undamental breakthroughs that p ropel c arbon capture technology into t he n ext decade. This overall reference will not only provide background for participants in the workshop, but also a template for future technology development going forward. 2.0 Carbon Capture Technologies There ar e commercially-available C O2 capture t echnologies that a re currently b eing u sed i n v arious industrial applications and being tested for power plant capture in pilot and demonstration projects. However, i n their c urrent s tate of development these technologies a re not ready f or b road-based implementation on coal-based power plants for two primary reasons: 1) they have not been demonstrated at the scale necessary for power plant application, and 2) if successfully scaled-up, they would not be cost effective at their current level of process development. Other major technical challenges associated with the application of existing CO2 capture technologies to coal-based power plants include auxiliary power requirements, energy efficiency, energy integration, flue gas contaminants, water use, CO2 compression, and oxy gen s upply f or oxy-combustion s ystems. A br oad po rtfolio o f research pa thways a re b eing investigated in t hree t echnology a pproaches f or C O2 capture – post-combustion, pr e-combustion, a nd oxy-combustion. A key point is that the majority of the technology options being considered are still in the laboratory and bench-scale stage of development. DOE has conducted systems-analysis studies that show currently available CO2 capture technologies are expensive an d en ergy-intensive, w hich w ould seriously de grade the overall efficiency of both new a nd existing coal-based power plants [7]. Figure 1 presents the impact of current state-of-the-art CO2 capture technologies o n the normalized cost o f electricity ( COE) an d n et efficiency o f n ew coal-based pow er plants. For example, a subcritical pressure, air-fired power plant equipped with an amine-based solvent CO2 capture process is estimated to have an 81 % higher COE and 14.6 % lower efficiency than a similar plant without CCS. Three major conclusions can be drawn from the DOE analysis: • For all CO2 capture cases, the COE is significantly higher than baseline costs. • Plant efficiencies are substantially degraded in all processes as a result of large parasitic energy consumption associated with the CO2 capture. • It is important to develop new advanced CO2 capture technologies in order to maintain the cost-effectiveness of U.S. coal-based power generation. Carbon Capture Factual Document 8PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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