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100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 20 18 16 14 12 10 8 6 4 2 0 PC No Capture = 6.3 ¢/kWh IGCC No Capture = 7.8 ¢/kWh PC No Capture = 6.3 ¢/kWh IGCC No Capture = 7.8 ¢/kWh 81 81 75 81 81 14.6 12.3 7.4 11.2 70 6.5 11.4 36 7.4 SubC PC Air- fired MEA SC PC Air- fired MEA USC PC Air- fired MEA SC PC Cryo Oxyfired USC PC Cryo Oxyfired SC PC ITM Oxyfired Average IGCC a CO2 Capture Energy Penalty = Percent points decrease in net power plant efficiency due to CO2 capture compared to Supercritical PC w/o CO2 capture (39.5%) or average IGCC w/o CO2 capture (39.5%) Figure 1. Impact of current state-of-the-art CO2 capture technologies on the normalized cost of electricity and net efficiency of new coal-based power Plants (PC: pulverized coal; SubC: subcritical; SC: supercritical; USC: ultrasupercritical). 2.1 Post-Combustion CO2 Capture Post-combustion C O2 capture offers the g reatest n ear-term p otential f or s ignificantly r educing C O2 emissions since these technologies can be retrofit to the existing fleet of coal-fired power plants, which will likely produce the bulk of coal-fired CO2 emissions for the foreseeable future. Post-combustion CO2 capture involves t he separation o f C O2 from t he c ombustion f lue g as, purification, a nd compression in preparation f or g eological st orage o r b eneficial u se su ch as en hanced o il r ecovery. It i s p rimarily applicable to conventional coal-fired, oil-fired or gas-fired power plants, but could also be applicable to integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) and natural gas combined cycle (NGCC) flue gas capture. As shown in Figure 2, in a typical coal-fired power plant, fuel is burned with air in a boiler to produce steam that drives a turbine/generator to produce electricity. Flue gas from the boiler consists mostly of nitrogen, water vapor, and CO2. Separating CO2 from this flue gas is challenging for several reasons: a high volume of gas must be treated (~2 million cubic feet per minute for a 550 MW plant); the CO2 is dilute ( between 12 a nd 14 % C O2); t he f lue g as i s at atmospheric p ressure; trace im purities ( particulate matter, s ulfur ox ides, n itrogen oxides, etc.) an d o xygen can d egrade ch emical sc rubbing ag ents; a nd compressing c aptured C O2 from ne ar a tmospheric pressure t o pi peline pr essure (about 2 ,200 p sia) requires a large auxiliary power load. Flue Gas CO2 12-14% N2 ~65% H2O ~18% O2 ~2% 15 Psi/150oF Optional Bypass (<90% Capture) Flue Gas CO2 Comp. Air Coal PC Boiler (With SCR) Particulate Removal Sulfur Removal Ash Low Pressure Steam Power Figure 2. Block diagram illustrating a power plant with post-combustion CO2 capture. Carbon Capture Factual Document 9 CO2 Capture Process STEAM CYCLE CO2 To Storage 2,200 Psi % Increase in COE CO2 Capture Energy PenaltyaPDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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