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2.1.1 Currently Available Post-Combustion Capture Technologies Amine-based chemical solvents, such as aqueous monoethanolamine (MEA), have been utilized for more than 60 y ears for removal of acid gases (CO2 and H2S) from natural gas streams and food-grade CO2 production. This experience consists of several small (two to 320 ton/day) capacity capture plants that supply CO2 for the food and beverage industry and a few large (800 to 1,000 ton/day) capture plants that use the CO2 for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) [8, 9]. MEA scrubbing is capable of achieving high levels of CO2 capture (90 % or more) for post-combustion applications, but it has not been demonstrated at the larger-scale n ecessary for coal-fired pow er pl ants ( e.g., a pproximately 10,000 t ons/day C O2 production from a 500-MW coal-fired power plant). Although AES’s coal-fired Warrior Run and Shady Point power plants are equipped with MEA scrubbers developed by ABB Lummus, they were designed to process a relatively small percentage of the plants’ flue gas. At Warrior Run, the MEA system removes CO2 from only about three to five percent of the flue gas (150 to 200 tCO2 per day) that is subsequently used for the food processing industry. Current am ine so lvents are co rrosive; susceptible t o d egradation b y t race f lue g as co nstituents (particularly SOX); and necessitate significant amounts of energy, in the form of low-pressure steam, for sensible heating, heat of reaction, and stripping for CO2 regeneration. As shown in Figure 2-1, installing the c urrent state-of-the-art ME A p ost-combustion C O2 capture t echnology on new c onventional subcritical (SubC), supercritical (SC), and ultrasupercritical (USC) coal-fired power plants would increase the COE by about 75 to 80 %. F urther, the large quantity of energy required to regenerate the MEA solvent would reduce the net efficiency of new SubC and SC coal-fired power plants by more than 12 %. Amines chemically react with CO2 via reversible reactions to form water-soluble compounds. Despite the low CO2 partial pressure in combustion flue gas, amines are capable of achieving high levels of CO2 capture due to fast kinetics and strong chemical reactions. However, the absorption capacity for today’s commercially available amines is chemically limited with two moles amine for each mole of CO2 being required. I n a ddition, t ypical a mine s olution concentrations a re l imited by vi scosity a nd corrosion. Therefore, current amine systems use a so lution that is between 20 and 30 % amine with the balance being water. Although the 70 to 80 % water present in the solution helps control the solvent temperature during the absorption exotherm, the water, with its high heat capacity, necessitates significant amounts of sensible heating and stripping energy upon CO2 regeneration. Various vendors offer different designs of amine systems. In general, depending on the amount of heat integration, anywhere from ~1,500 to more than 2,000 British thermal units (Btu) per pound of CO2 captured is required in the form of low pressure steam ( approximately 4 5 psia) t o r egenerate the solvent t o p roduce a concentrated C O2 stream at a pressure of approximately 25 psia. 2.1.2 Challenges and Technology Needs in Post-Combustion CO2 Capture There are several advanced post-combustion CO2 capture technologies under development, i ncluding processes i nvolving s olvents, s orbents, and m embranes. C hallenges a nd n eeds f or d evelopment o f practical technologies are summarized in Table 1 and the paragraphs below. Liquid Solvents: Post-combustion solvent-based CO2 capture involves chemical or physical sorption of CO2 from flue gas into a liquid carrier. Chemical absorption involves one or more reversible chemical reactions between CO2 and an aqueous solution of an absorbent, such as an alkanolamine (e.g., MEA), hindered amine, a queous a mmonia, or a c arbonate, to f orm w ater-soluble c ompounds. A lthough hi gh levels of CO2 capture are possible, the drawback of this approach is that significant amounts of energy are required i n t he regeneration st ep, w hich i nvolves a t emperature sw ing t o break t he ab sorbent-CO2 chemical bo nd. Physical a bsorption i s a bu lk phe nomenon w here inorganic o r or ganic l iquids Carbon Capture Factual Document 10PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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