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The b ackbone of t he pre-combustion C O2 capture technology d evelopment w ill b e a h igh-pressure flexible facility d esigned t o t est an a rray o f s olvents and c ontactors. F or R &D p rojects that h ave b een successfully tested at bench-scale in a research lab, the PSDF-NCCC will provide a 1,000 lb/hr flue gas slipstream for screening tests. For technologies that have been successfully tested at the screening-scale, two pilot test beds have been designed, a 5,000 lb/hr (0.5-MW equivalent) slipstream and a 10,000 lb/hr (1.0-MW equivalent) slipstream. 3.0 Materials for Carbon Capture CO2 capture systems use many of the known technologies for gas separation which can be integrated into the b asic sy stems for CO2 capture h ighlighted i n S ection 2. M uch o f this t echnology c enters on t he sorptive o r separation p roperties o f liquid so lvents, so lid so rbents or m embranes. The s tate o f o ur knowledge and technologic needs for each of three areas are summarized in this section. 3.1 Liquid Absorbents The idea of separating CO2 from flue gas started in the 1970s – not out of concern about greenhouse gas emissions b ut as a so urce o f p otential e conomically v aluable C O2, m ainly f or e nhanced oi l recovery. Taking a cue from i ndustries t hat n eeded to remove aci d g as impurities (e.g. H2S a nd CO2) fro m their flow st eam, t he p ower i ndustry st arted t o ex plore t he u se o f ch emical ad sorbents, sp ecifically monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent, to capture CO2. MEA is an organic chemical belonging to the family of compounds known as amines. As the first technology of choice for CO2 capture, amine scrubbing was evaluated in 1991 [16] and was deemed to have unacceptable energy use and costs (materials cost; energy penalty due to water usage and regeneration processing). However, it had been successfully applied to gas [17] and coal-fired plants [18] at a small scale in the early 80s. Despite the cost and inefficiency, amine scrubbing is now a key technology for post-combustion capture. It is expected that new coal-fired power plants m ay al so u se p ost-combustion C O2 capture by a mine scr ubbing w ith u ltrasupercritical b oiler cycles. Therefore intensive research on the fundamental materials and processes of that build upon amine chemistry will provide a certain, large, payoff. 3.1.1 Amine Scrubbing CO2 removal by a bsorption/stripping w ith a queous a mine i s w ell-understood a nd he avily us ed. A continuous scrubbing system is used to separate CO2 from a gaseous stream. The system consists of two key components, an absorber in which the CO2 is absorbed into a solvent, and a regenerator (or stripper), in which CO2 is released in concentrated form and the original solvent is recovered [19]. CO2 is absorbed from a fuel gas or combustion gas near ambient temperature into an aqueous solution of amine with low volatility. The amine is regenerated at 100–120 °C by stripping with water vapor produced in a steam- heated reboiler. The hot lean solution is used to preheat the cold rich solution in a cross-exchanger. Water is condensed from the stripper vapor leaving pure CO2. Chemical absorption systems tend to be more efficient than physical absorption systems because the process is accompanied by a chemical reaction that enhances the over all mass transfer from the initial gas phase to the liquid phase. Despite the cost and inefficiency, currently hundreds of power plants remove CO2 from natural gas, hydrogen, and other gases with low oxygen. In CCS, the CO2 would be captured and compressed to 100–150 bar for geologic sequestration. The process chemistry is complex, but the main CO2 absorption reaction taking place is given as [20]: 2R–NH2 + CO2 → R–NH–COO- + R–NH3+ (MEA) (carbamate) Carbon Capture Factual Document 19PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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