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The simplest way to separate CO2 from other gases would be taking advantage of the difference in the physical solubility of the different gases in the ILs. Numerous investigations have shown the solubility of CO2 in various different ILs increases with increasing pressure, reaching values as high as 20 or 30 mole % a t 10 ba r o f p artial p ressure a t 25 ° C. A s e xpected, C O2 solubility d ecreases w ith increasing temperature. By comparison, the solubility of gases such as N2 and O2 in ILs tends to be quite low. This is shown clearly in Figure 8, where the solubility of various gases are shown at room temperature and 1 bar of partial pressure in common solvents and two ILs [37]. Clearly, the selectivity (solubility of CO2/solubility of N2 or O2) is higher for the ILs than the common solvents. 3.1.4 Challenges and Technology Needs for ILs Performing C O2 separations u sing d ifferences i n physical s olubilities i n I Ls w ould b e b est su ited f or applications where the CO2 partial pressure is relatively high. An example would be separation of CO2 from hy drogen or s yngas pr oduced f rom g asification of a f ossil fuel or b iomass ( followed by r everse water gas shift). The capacity of ILs for CO2 using physical dissolution is too low for performing separation from post- combustion flue gas where the partial pressure of CO2 is only 0.1 – 0.14 bar. I n this case, ILs can be designed to have much greater affinity for CO2 by incorporating functional groups that react with CO2. Tethering an amine to the cation [39], first showed high capacity for CO2, with chemistry similar to conventional amines, where two cation-tethered amines are required for each CO2. Since the solubility of other gases, such as N2 and O2 is still low, this means excellent selectivity. Subsequently, it has shown that by tethering the amine to the anion, only one amine functionalized IL is required to complex one CO2 molecule [40]. With 1:1 stoichiometry and since no added water is required, it is possible to achieve high CO2 capacity, e ven on a v olumetric ba sis, even t hough t he I L i s hi gher molecular w eight t han conventional a mines. More importantly, by c hoice of the anion and cation, i t i s pos sible t o t une the enthalpy of r eaction. A s a r esult, systems-modeling sh ows t hat it should b e p ossible to ac hieve a 3 0% reduction i n t he pa rasitic e nergy r equirements for t he p ost-combustion C O2 capture sy stem using functionalized I Ls co mpared to aq ueous MEA [ 41]. One p otential challenge with f unctionalized I Ls i s that there have been numerous reports that their viscosity increases substantially when they complex with CO2 [42], rendering them unsuitable for a conventional absorber/stripper process system. This increase in viscosity also occurs with conventional amines; however, the dilution of conventional amines with water, which has a low viscosity of just 1 c P at ambient conditions, ameliorates this problem. R ather than diluting the ILs with a low viscosity solvent, one can solve this problem with appropriate tailoring of the chemistry [ 43]. T herefore, t here are n ow f unctionalized ILs t hat r eact w ith C O2 and ha ve hi gh C O2 capacity but that do not increase in viscosity. The potential benefits of IL sorbents over conventional aqueous amines include: • extremely low volatility • the opportunity to regenerate the IL sorbent over a w ider range of temperatures in order to minimize parasitic energy loss • elimination of the need to dissolve the sorbent in water • less energy loss in the regeneration step to evaporation of water since the sorbent is not an aqueous solution • potentially lower corrosion, in part due to the low water content • significantly lower parasitic energy losses, as demonstrated by systems modeling • the potential to even further tune the ILs for CO2 capture applications by choice of anion, cation and functional groups Carbon Capture Factual Document 23PDF Image | 2020 Carbon Capture
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