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two sorbent streams are passed through a cross heat exchanger, where the rich (CO2-loaded) sorbent gets heated and the lean (regenerated) sorbent gets cooled. Regenerator: This is the column where the weak intermediate compound (carbamate) formed between the MEA-based sorbent and dissolved CO2 is broken down with the application of heat and CO2 gets separated from the sorbent to leave reusable sorbent behind. In case of unhindered amines like MEA, the carbamate formed is stable and it takes large amount of energy to dissociate. It also consists of a flash separator where CO2 is separated from most of the moisture and evaporated sorbent, to give a fairly rich CO2 stream. Reboiler: The regenerator is connected with a reboiler which is basically a heat exchanger where low- pressure steam extracted from the power plant is used to heat the loaded sorbent. Steam extractor: In case of coal-fired power plants that generate electricity in a steam turbine, a part of the LP/IP steam has to be diverted to the reboiler for sorbent regeneration. Steam extractors are installed to take out steam from the steam turbines. MEA reclaimer: Presence of acid gas impurities (SO2, SO3, NO2 and HCl) in the flue gas leads to formation of heat stable salts in the sorbent stream, which can not be dissociated even on application of heat. In order to avoid accumulation of these salts in the sorbent stream and to recover some of this lost MEA sorbent, a part of the sorbent stream is periodically distilled in this vessel. Addition of caustic helps in freeing of some of the MEA. The recovered MEA is taken back to the sorbent stream while the bottom sludge (reclaimer waste) is sent for proper disposal. Sorbent processing area: The regenerated sorbent has to be further cooled down even after passing through the rich/lean cross heat exchanger using a cooler, so that the sorbent temperature is brought back to acceptable level (about 40 deg C). Also, in order to make up for the sorbent losses, a small quantity of fresh MEA sorbent has to be added to the sorbent stream. So, the sorbent processing area primarily consists of sorbent cooler, MEA storage tank, and a mixer. It also consists of an activated carbon bed filter that adsorbs impurities (degradation products of MEA) from the sorbent stream. CO2 drying and compression unit: The CO2 product may have to be carried to very long distances via pipelines. Hence it is desirable that it does not contain any moisture in order to avoid corrosion in the pipelines. Also, it has to be compressed to very high pressures so that it gets liquefied and can overcome the pressure losses during the pipeline transport. The multi-stage compression unit with inter-stage cooling and drying yields a final CO2 product at the specified pressure (about 2000 psig) that contains moisture and other impurities (e.g. N2) at acceptable levels. CO2 transport facility: The CO2 captured at the power plant site has to be carried to the appropriate storage/ disposal site. Considering the scale of the operation (thousands of tonnes of CO2 per day), pipelines seems to be the obvious mode of transportation. In case of retrofit applications, where construction of new pipelines might be prohibitively expensive (and questionable in terms of public acceptance, especially in densely populated regions), transport via tankers may be considered. There is fair amount of industrial experience and expertise in the field of the construction (and operation) of pipelines for CO2 transport. Recently, a 325-km pipeline carrying CO2 from the Great Plains Synfuels Plant in Beulah, North Dakota (owned by Dakota Gasification Company of Bismarck, North Dakota) to the Weyburn oil fields in Saskatchewan, Canada went operational (PanCanadian, 2001). CO2 disposal facility: Once the CO2 is captured, it needs to be securely stored (sequestered). Again, there are a wide range of options potentially available (see Fig. A-3 and Table A-2 in Appendix A). Geologic formations such as underground deep saline reservoirs, depleted oil and gas wells, and abandoned coal seams are some of the potentially attractive disposal sites [14-16]. Ocean disposal and terrestrial sinks are additional options being studied [17-18]. The distance to a secure storage site and the availability and cost of transportation infrastructure also affect the choice of disposal option. In general, studies indicate that geologic formations are the most plentiful and attractive option for U.S. power plants Integrated Environmental Control Model - Technical Documentation • 13PDF Image | Amine Based CO2 Capture
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