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The flue gas approaches in use today require clean-up of the NOx and SO2 prior to CO2 separation. The oxygen route does not. If the sinks are tolerant to NOx and SO2, we can eliminate separate control steps and sequester the NOx and SO2 along with the CO2, resulting in a zero emissions power plant. Integrated coal gasification combined cycle (IGCC) plants are an example of the hydrogen route. Coal is gasified to form synthesis gas (syngas) of CO and H2. The gas then undergoes the water-gas shift, where the CO is reacted with steam to form CO2 and H2. The CO2 is then removed, with the hydrogen being sent to a gas turbine combined cycle. This approach allows for a CO2 removal process (e.g., a physical solvent process like Selexsol) that is much less energy intensive than the MEA process because capture takes place from the high pressure syngas as opposed to the atmospheric pressure flue gas. A similar process is available for natural gas, where the syngas is formed by steam reforming of methane. The hydrogen route opens up opportunities for “polygeneration”, where besides electricity and CO2, additional products are produced. For example, instead of sending hydrogen to a turbine, it can be used to fuel a “hydrogen economy”. In addition, syngas is an excellent feedstock for many chemical processes. A frequently asked question is what is the cost of CO2 capture and separation today, in the near-future, and in the long-term. In Table 2, some estimates are given for today and the near-future (i.e., the year 2012). Three types of plants were evaluated: coal using the flue gas approach (pulverized coal, PC), gas using the flue gas approach (natural gas combined cycle, NGCC), and coal using the hydrogen approach (IGCC). Key results are: • NGCC plants produce the least-cost electricity, whether one captures the CO2 or does not capture. • IGCC plants show the least incremental cost of electricity from CO2 capture due to their more efficient capture process. • PC plants present the largest economic hurdle to CO2 sequestration. • If gas prices rise about 20%, in 2012 the cost of electricity from an IGCC capture plant will be about equal to that of an NGCC capture plant. The differences in costs between today and 2012 are due to 4 items: • Lower capital costs of the reference plant (based on projections from the Coal Utilization Research Council). • Lower heat rates, (i.e., higher thermal efficiencies) for the reference plant (based on projections from the Coal Utilization Research Council). 3PDF Image | Carbon Capture
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