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4 Summary for Policymakers Figure SPM.1. Schematic diagram of possible CCS systems showing the sources for which CCS might be relevant, transport of CO2 and storage options (Courtesy of CO2CRC). emissions (see Figure SPM.1) (Sections 1.2, 1.4, 2.2, Table 2.3). 4. The net reduction of emissions to the atmosphere through CCS depends on the fraction of CO2 captured, the increased CO2 production resulting from loss in overall efficiency of power plants or industrial processes due to the additional energy required for capture, transport and storage, any leakage from transport and the fraction of CO2 retained in storage over the long term. CO2 avoided Emitted Captured CO2 captured Reference Plant Plant with CCS CO2 produced (kg/kWh) Available technology captures about 85–95% of the CO2 processed in a capture plant. A power plant equipped with a CCS system (with access to geological or ocean storage) would need roughly 10–40%4 more energy than a plant of equivalent output without CCS, of which most is for capture and compression. For secure storage, the net result is that a power plant with CCS could reduce CO2 emissions to the Figure SPM.. CO capture and storage from power plants. 2 atmosphere by approximately 80–90% compared to a plant The increased CO2 production resulting from the loss in overall efficiency of power plants due to the additional energy required for capFtuigrueu, rtr8a.n2sport and storage and any leakage from transport result in a larger amount of “CO2 produced per unit of product” (lower bar) relative to the reference plant (upper bar) without capture (Figure 8.2). 4 The range reflects three types of power plants: for Natural Gas Combined Cycle plants, the range is 11–22%, for Pulverized Coal plants, 24–40% and for Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle plants, 14–25%. without CCS (see Figure SPM.2). To the extent that leakage might occur from a storage reservoir, the fraction retained is defined as the fraction of the cumulative amount of injected CO that is retained over a specified period of time. CCS 2 systems with storage as mineral carbonates would need 60–PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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