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8 Summary for Policymakers 10. Industrial uses14 of captured CO2 as a gas or liquid or as a feedstock in chemical processes that produce valuable carbon-containing products are possible, but are not expected to contribute to significant abatement of CO2 emissions. There is relatively little experience in combining CO2 capture, transport and storage into a fully integrated CCS system. The utilization of CCS for large-scale power plants (the potential application of major interest) still remains to be implemented (Sections 1.4.4, 3.8, 5.1). What is the geographical relationship between the sources and storage opportunities for CO? 12. Large point sources of CO2 are concentrated in proximity to major industrial and urban areas. Many such sources are within 300 km of areas that potentially hold formations suitable for geological storage (see Figure SPM.6). Preliminary research suggests that, globally, a small proportion of large point sources is close to potential ocean storage locations. The potential for industrial uses of CO2 is small, while the CO2 is generally retained for short periods (usually months or years). Processes using captured CO2 as feedstock instead of fossil hydrocarbons do not always achieve net lifecycle emission reductions (Sections 7.3.1, 7.3.4). 11. Components of CCS are in various stages of development (see Table SPM.2). Complete CCS systems can be assembled from existing technologies that are mature or economically feasible under specific conditions, although the state of development of the overall system may be less than some of its separate components. Table SPM.. Current maturity of CCS system components. The X’s indicate the highest level of maturity for each component. For most components, less mature technologies also exist. CCS component CCS technology Capture Post-combustion X Pre-combustion X Oxyfuel combustion X Industrial separation (natural gas processing, ammonia production) X Transportation Pipeline X Shipping X Geological storage Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) Xa Gas or oil fields X Saline formations X Enhanced Coal Bed Methane recovery (ECBM) X Ocean storage Direct injection (dissolution type) X Direct injection (lake type) X Mineral carbonation Natural silicate minerals X Waste materials X Industrial uses of CO2 X a CO2 injection for EOR is a mature market technology, but when this technology is used for CO2 storage, it is only ‘economically feasible under specific conditions’ 14 Industrial uses of CO2 refer to those uses that do not include EOR, which is discussed in paragraph 7. Research phase 1 Demonstration phase 7 Economically feasible under specific conditions Mature market 6PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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