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10 Summary for Policymakers emissions from transport and distributed energy supply Electricity could be used in vehicles, and hydrogen could be used in fuel cells, including in the transport sector. Gas and coal conversion with integrated CO2 separation (without storage) is currently the dominant option for the production of hydrogen. More fossil fuel or biomass-based hydrogen or electricity production would result in an increased number of large CO2 sources that are technically suitable for capture and storage. At present, it is difficult to project the likely number, location and size of such sources (Sections 2.5.1). What are the costs1 for CCS and what is the technical and economic potential? 14. Application of CCS to electricity production, under 2002 conditions, is estimated to increase electricity generation costs by about 0.01–0.05 US dollars16 per kilowatt hour (US$/kWh), depending on the fuel, the specific technology, the location and the national circumstances. Inclusion of the benefits of EOR would reduce additional electricity production costs due to CCS by around 0.01– 0.02 US$/kWh17 (see Table SPM.3 for absolute electricity production costs and Table SPM.4 for costs in US$/tCO2 avoided). Increases in market prices of fuels used for power generation would generally tend to increase the cost of CCS. The quantitative impact of oil price on CCS is uncertain. However, revenue from EOR would generally be higher with higher oil prices. While applying CCS to biomass-based power production at the current small scale would add substantially to the electricity costs, co- firing of biomass in a larger coal-fired power plant with CCS would be more cost-effective. Table SPM.. Costs of CCS: production costs of electricity for different types of generation, without capture and for the CCS system as a whole. The cost of a full CCS system for electricity generation from a newly built, large-scale fossil fuel-based power plant depends on a number of factors, including the characteristics of both the power plant and the capture system, the specifics of the storage site, the amount of CO2 and the required transport distance. The numbers assume experience with a large-scale plant. Gas prices are assumed to be 2.8-4.4 US$ per gigajoule (GJ), and coal prices 1-1.5 US$ GJ-1 (based on Tables 8.3 and 8.4). systems. Costs vary considerably in both absolute and relative terms from country to country. Since neither Natural Gas Combined Cycle, Pulverized Coal nor Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle systems have yet been built at a full scale with CCS, the costs of these systems cannot be stated with a high degree of confidence at this time. In the future, the costs of CCS could be reduced by research and technological development and economies of scale. Economies of scale could also considerably bring down the cost of biomass-based CCS systems over time. The application of CCS to biomass- fuelled or co-fired conversion facilities would lead to lower or negative18 CO2 emissions, which could reduce the costs for this option, depending on the market value of CO2 emission reductions (Sections 2.5.3, 3.7.1, 3.7.13, 8.2.4). 15. Retrofitting existing plants with CO2 capture is expected to lead to higher costs and significantly reduced overall efficiencies than for newly built power plants with capture. The cost disadvantages of retrofitting may be reduced in the case of some relatively new and highly efficient existing plants or where a plant is substantially upgraded or rebuilt. The costs of retrofitting CCS to existing installations vary. Industrial sources of CO2 can more easily be retrofitted with CO2 separation, while integrated power plant systems would need more profound adjustment. In order to reduce future retrofit costs, new plant designs could take future CCS application into account (Sections 3.1.4, 3.7.5). 16.In most CCS systems, the cost of capture (including compression) is the largest cost component. Costs for the various components of a CCS system vary widely, depending on the reference plant and the wide range Power plant system Natural Gas Combined Cycle (US$/kWh) Pulverized Coal (US$/kWh) Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (US$/kWh) Without capture (reference plant) 0.03 - 0.05 0.04 - 0.05 0.04 - 0.06 With capture and geological storage 0.04 - 0.08 0.06 - 0.10 0.05 - 0.09 With capture and EOR17 0.04 - 0.07 0.05 - 0.08 0.04 - 0.07 15 As used in this report, “costs” refer only to market prices but do not include external costs such as environmental damages and broader societal costs that may be associated with the use of CCS. To date, little has been done to assess and quantify such external costs. 16 All costs in this report are expressed in 2002 US$. 17 Based on oil prices of 15–20 US$ per barrel, as used in the available literature. 18 If, for example, the biomass is harvested at an unsustainable rate (that is, faster than the annual re-growth), the net CO2 emissions of the activity might not be negative.PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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