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stabilization level and the amount stored. While specific results of the range of studies vary with the methods and assumptions made, all studies imply that, if CCS is to be acceptable as a mitigation measure, there must be an upper limit to the amount of leakage that can take place (Sections 1.6.4, 8.4). What are the legal and regulatory issues for implementing CO storage? Summary for Policymakers 1 National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Specific methods may be required for the net capture and storage of CO2, physical leakage, fugitive emissions and negative emissions associated with biomass applications of CCS systems (Sections 9.2.1, 9.2.2). 29. Some regulations for operations in the subsurface do exist that may be relevant or, in some cases, directly applicable to geological storage, but few countries have specifically developed legal or regulatory frameworks for long-term CO2 storage. Several techniques are available or under development for monitoring and verification of CO2 emissions from CCS, but these vary in applicability, site specificity, detection limits and uncertainties (Sections 9.2.3, 5.6, 6.6.2). Existing laws and regulations regarding inter alia mining, oil and gas operations, pollution control, waste disposal, drinking water, treatment of high-pressure gases and subsurface property rights may be relevant to geological CO2 storage. Long-term liability issues associated with the leakage of CO2 to the atmosphere and local environmental impacts are generally unresolved. Some States take on long- term responsibility in situations comparable to CO2 storage, such as underground mining operations (Sections 5.8.2, 5.8.3, 5.8.4). 33.CO2 might be captured in one country and stored in another with different commitments. Issues associated with accounting for cross-border storage are not unique to CCS. 30. No formal interpretations so far have been agreed upon with respect to whether or under what conditions CO2 injection into the geological sub-seabed or the ocean is compatible. What are the gaps in knowledge? 34.There are gaps in currently available knowledge regarding some aspects of CCS. Increasing knowledge and experience would reduce uncertainties and thus facilitate decision-making with respect to the deployment of CCS for climate change mitigation (Section TS.10). There are currently several treaties (notably the London26 and OSPAR27 Conventions) that potentially apply to the injection of CO2 into the geological sub-seabed or the ocean. All of these treaties have been drafted without specific consideration of CO2 storage (Sections 5.8.1, 6.8.1). What are the implications of CCS for emission inventories and accounting? 31. The current IPCC Guidelines2 do not include methods specific to estimating emissions associated with CCS. The general guidance provided by the IPCC can be applied to CCS. A few countries currently do so, in combination with their national methods for estimating emissions. The IPCC guidelines themselves do not yet provide specific methods for estimating emissions associated with CCS. These are expected to be provided in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines for 32.The few current CCS projects all involve geological storage, and there is therefore limited experience with the monitoring, verification and reporting of actual physical leakage rates and associated uncertainties. Rules and methods for accounting may have to be adjusted accordingly. Possible physical leakage from a storage site in the future would have to be accounted for (Section 9.3). 26 Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter (1972), and its London Protocol (1996), which has not yet entered into force. 27 Convention for the Protection of the Marine Environment of the North-East Atlantic, which was adopted in Paris (1992). OSPAR is an abbreviation of Oslo-Paris. 28 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and Good Practice Guidance Reports; Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, and Good Practice Guidance for Land Use, Land-Use Change and ForestryPDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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