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Technical Summary 33 Table TS.5. Sites where CO2 storage has been done, is currently in progress or is planned, varying from small pilots to large-scale commercial applications. Project name Country Injection start (year) Approximate average daily injection rate (tCO2 day-1) Total (planned) storage (tCO2) Storage reservoir type Weyburn Canada 2000 3,000-5,000 20,000,000 EOR In Salah Algeria 2004 3,000-4,000 17,000,000 Gas field Sleipner Norway 1996 3,000 20,000,000 Saline formation K12B Netherlands 2004 100 (1,000 planned for 2006+) 8,000,000 Enhanced gas recovery Frio U.S.A 2004 177 1600 Saline formation Fenn Big Valley Canada 1998 50 200 ECBM Qinshui Basin China 2003 30 150 ECBM Yubari Japan 2004 10 200 ECBM Recopol Poland 2003 1 10 ECBM Gorgon (planned) Australia ~2009 10,000 unknown Saline formation Snøhvit (planned) Norway 2006 2,000 unknown Saline formation formations and unminable coal beds. Other possible geological formations or structures (such as basalts, oil or gas shales, salt caverns and abandoned mines) represent niche opportunities, or have been insufficiently studied at this time to assess their potential. greenhouse gas stabilization scenarios and assumptions about the deployment of other mitigation options. As discussed later in Section 8, the estimated range of economic potential7 for CCS over the next century is roughly 200 to 2,000 GtCO2. The lower limits in Table TS.6 suggest that, worldwide, it is virtually certain8 that there is 200 GtCO2 of geological storage capacity, and likely9 that there is at least about 2,000 GtCO2. Site selection criteria and methods The estimates of the technical potential6 for different geological storage options are summarized in Table TS.6. The estimates and levels of confidence are based on an assessment of the literature, both of regional bottom-up, and global top-down estimates. No probabilistic approach to assessing capacity estimates exists in the literature, and this would be required to quantify levels of uncertainty reliably. Overall estimates, particularly of the upper limit of the potential, vary widely and involve a high degree of uncertainty, reflecting conflicting methodologies in the literature and the fact that our knowledge of saline formations is quite limited in most parts of the world. For oil and gas reservoirs, better estimates are available which are based on the replacement of hydrocarbon volumes with CO2 volumes. It should be noted that, with the exception of EOR, these reservoirs will not be available for CO2 storage until the hydrocarbons are depleted, and that pressure changes and geomechanical effects due to hydrocarbon production in the reservoir may reduce actual capacity. Site characterization, selection and performance prediction are crucial for successful geological storage. Before selecting a site, the geological setting must be characterized to determine if the overlying cap rock will provide an effective seal, if there is a sufficiently voluminous and permeable storage formation, and whether any abandoned or active wells will compromise the integrity of the seal. Another way of looking at storage potential, however, is to ask whether it is likely to be adequate for the amounts of CO2 that would need to be avoided using CCS under different Techniques developed for the exploration of oil and gas reservoirs, natural gas storage sites and liquid waste disposal sites are suitable for characterizing geological storage sites for CO2. Examples include seismic imaging, pumping tests for evaluating storage formations and seals, and cement integrity logs. Computer programmes that model underground CO2 movement are used to support site characterization and selection activities. These programmes were initially developed for applications such as oil and 6 Technical potential is the amount by which it is possible to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by implementing a technology or practice that already has been demonstrated. 7 Economic potential is the amount of greenhouse gas emissions reductions from a specific option that could be achieved cost-effectively, given prevailing circumstances (the price of CO2 reductions and costs of other options). 8 “Virtually certain” is a probability of 99% or more. 9 “Likely” is a probability of 66 to 90%.PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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