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Technical Summary 43 Table TS.10. Range of total costs for CO2 capture, transport and geological storage based on current technology for new power plants using bituminous coal or natural gas Power plant performance and cost parametersa Pulverized coal power plant Natural gas combined cycle power plant Integrated coal gasification combined cycle power plant Reference plant without CCS Cost of electricity (US$/kWh) 0.043-0.052 0.031-0.050 0.041-0.061 Power plant with capture Increased fuel requirement (%) 24-40 11-22 14-25 CO2 captured (kg/kWh) 0.82-0.97 0.36-0.41 0.67-0.94 CO2 avoided (kg/kWh) 0.62-0.70 0.30-0.32 0.59-0.73 % CO2 avoided 81-88 83-88 81-91 Power plant with capture and geological storageb Cost of electricity (US$/kWh) 0.063-0.099 0.043-0.077 0.055-0.091 Cost of CCS (US$/kWh) 0.019-0.047 0.012-0.029 0.010-0.032 % increase in cost of electricity 43-91 37-85 21-78 Mitigation cost (US$/tCO2 avoided) 30-71 38-91 14-53 (US$/tC avoided) 110-260 140-330 51-200 Power plant with capture and enhanced oil recoveryc Cost of electricity (US$/kWh) 0.049-0.081 0.037-0.070 0.040-0.075 Cost of CCS (US$/kWh) 0.005-0.029 0.006-0.022 (-0.005)-0.019 % increase in cost of electricity 12-57 19-63 (-10)-46 Mitigation cost (US$/tCO2 avoided) 9-44 19-68 (-7)-31 (US$/tC avoided) 31-160 71-250 (-25)-120 a All changes are relative to a similar (reference) plant without CCS. See Table TS.3 for details of assumptions underlying reported cost ranges. b Capture costs based on ranges from Table TS.3; transport costs range from 0-5 US$/tCO2; geological storage cost ranges from 0.6-8.3 US$/tCO2. c Same capture and transport costs as above; Net storage costs for EOR range from -10 to -16 US$/tCO2 (based on pre-2003 oil prices of 15-20 US$ per barrel). Introducing CCS to power plants may influence the decision about which type of plant to install and which fuel to use. In some situations therefore, it can be useful to calculate a cost per tonne of CO2 avoided based on a reference plant different from the CCS plant. Table TS.10 displays the cost and emission factors for the three reference plants and the corresponding CCS plants for the case of geological storage. Table TS.11 summarizes the range of estimated costs for different combinations of CCS plants and the lowest-cost reference plants of potential interest. It shows, for instance, that where a PC plant is planned initially, using CCS in that plant may lead to a higher CO2 avoidance cost than if an NGCC plant with CCS is selected, provided natural gas is available. Another option with lower avoidance cost could be to build an IGCC plant with capture instead of equipping a PC plant with capture. Economic potential of CCS for climate change mitigation Assessments of the economic potential of CCS are based on energy and economic models that study future CCS deployment and costs in the context of scenarios that achieve economically efficient, least-cost paths to the stabilization of atmospheric CO2 concentrations. While there are significant uncertainties in the quantitative results from these models (see discussion below), all models indicate that CCS systems are unlikely to be deployed on a large scale in the absence of an explicit policy that substantially limits greenhouse gas emissions to the atmosphere. With greenhouse gas emission limits imposed, many integrated assessments foresee the deployment of CCS systems on a large scale within a few decades from the start of any significant climate change mitigation regime. Energy and economic models indicate that CCS systemsPDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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