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44 Technical Summary Figure TS.11. CO2 capture and storage from power plants. The increased CO2 production resulting from loss in overall efficiency ofFpigouwurer8.p2lants due to the additional energy required for capture, transport and storage, and any leakage from transport result in a larger amount of “CO2 produced per unit of product” (lower bar) relative to the reference plant (upper bar) without capture. are unlikely to contribute significantly to the mitigation of climate change unless deployed in the power sector. For this Table TS.11. Mitigation cost ranges for different combinations of reference and CCS plants based on current technology for new power plants. Currently, in many regions, common practice would be either a PC plant or an NGCC plant14. EOR benefits are based on oil prices of 15 - 20 US$ per barrel. Gas prices are assumed to be 2.8 -4.4 US$/GJ-1, coal prices 1-1.5 US$/GJ-1 (based on Table 8.3a). to happen, the price of carbon dioxide reductions would have to exceed 25–30 US$/tCO2, or an equivalent limit on CO2 emissions would have to be mandated. The literature and current industrial experience indicate that, in the absence of measures for limiting CO2 emissions, there are only small, niche opportunities for CCS technologies to deploy. These early opportunities involve CO2 captured from a high-purity, low-cost source, the transport of CO2 over distances of less than 50 km, coupled with CO2 storage in a value-added application such as EOR. The potential of such niche options is about 360 MtCO2 per year (see Section 2). CO2 avoided CO2 captured Emitted Captured Reference Plant Plant with CCS CO2 produced (kg/kWh) Models also indicate that CCS systems will be competitive with other large-scale mitigation options such as nuclear power and renewable energy technologies. These studies show that including CCS in a mitigation portfolio could reduce the cost of stabilizing CO2 concentrations by 30% or more. One aspect of the cost competitiveness of CCS technologies is that they are compatible with most current energy infrastructures. In most scenarios, emissions abatement becomes progressively more constraining over time. Most analyses indicate that notwithstanding significant penetration of CCS systems by 2050, the majority of CCS deployment will occur in the second half of this century. The earliest CCS deployments are typically foreseen in the industrialized nations, with deployment eventually spreading worldwide. While results for different scenarios and models differ (often CCS plant type NGCC reference plant PC reference plant US$/tCO2 avoided (US$/tC avoided) US$/tCO2 avoided (US$/tC avoided) Power plant with capture and geological storage NGCC 40 - 90 (140 - 330) 20 - 60 (80 - 220) PC 70 - 270 (260 - 980) 30 - 70 (110 - 260) IGCC 40 - 220 (150 - 790) 20 - 70 (80 - 260) Power plant with capture and EOR NGCC 20 - 70 (70 - 250) 0 - 30 (0 - 120) PC 50 - 240 (180 - 890) 10 - 40 (30 - 160) IGCC 20 - 190 (80 - 710) 0 - 40 (0 - 160) 14 IGCC is not included as a reference power plant that would be built today since this technology is not yet widely deployed in the electricity sector and is usually slightly more costly than a PC plant.PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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