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Chapter 1: Introduction 61 Figure 1.3 a) Schematic diagram of fossil-fuel-based power generation; b) Schematic diagram of post-combustion capture; c) Schematic diagram of pre-combustion capture; d) Schematic diagram of oxyfuel combustion CO2. An alternative approach would be to reduce the emissions from dispersed sources by supplying them with an energy carrier with zero net CO2 emissions from use, such as biofuels, electricity or hydrogen (Johansson et al., 1993). Electricity or hydrogen12 from fossil fuels could be produced with CO2 capture and this would avoid most of the CO2 emissions at the production site (Audus et al., 1996). The cost, applicability and environmental aspects of various applications are discussed later in this report. 1.4.4 Scale of the plant Some impression of the scale of the plant involved can be gained from considering a coal-fired power plant generating 500MWe. This would emit approximately 2.9 MtCO2 per year (0.8 MtC per year) to atmosphere. A comparable plant with CO2 capture and storage, producing a similar amount of electricity and capturing 85% of the CO2 (after combustion) and compressing it for transportation, would emit 0.6 MtCO2 per year to the atmosphere (0.16 MtC per year), in other words 80% less than in the case without capture. The latter plant would also send 3.4 MtCO2 per year to storage (0.9 MtC per year). Because of its larger size, the amount of CO2 generated by the plant with capture and compression is more than the plant without capture (in this example 38% more). This is a result of the energy 12 Hydrogen is produced from fossil fuels today in oil refineries and other industrial processes. requirements of the capture plant and of the CO2 compressor. The proportion of CO2 captured (85%) is a level readily achievable with current technology (this is discussed in Chapter 3); it is certainly feasible to capture a higher proportion and designs will vary from case to case. These figures demonstrate the scale of the operation of a CO2 capture plant and illustrate that capturing CO2 could achieve deep reductions in emissions from individual power plants and similar installations (IEA GHG, 2000a). Given a plant of this scale, a pipeline of 300–400 mm diameter could handle the quantities of CO2 over distances of hundreds of kilometres without further compression; for longer distances, extra compression might be required to maintain pressure. Larger pipelines could carry the CO2 from several plants over longer distances at lower unit cost. Storage of CO2, for example by injection into a geological formation, would likely involve several million tonnes of CO2 per year but the precise amount will vary from site to site, as discussed in Chapters 5 and 6. 1.5 Assessing CCS in terms of environmental impact and cost The purpose of this section and those that follow is to introduce some of the other issues which are potentially of interest to decision-makers when considering CCS. Answers to some of the questions posed may be found in subsequent chapters, although answers to others will depend on further work andPDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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