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94 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Figure 2.4 Prospective areas in sedimentary basins where suitable saline formations, oil or gas fields, or coal beds may be found. Locations for storage in coal beds are only partly included. Prospectivity is a qualitative assessment of the likelihood that a suitable storage location is present in a given area based on the available information. This figure should be taken as a guide only, because it is based on partial data, the quality of which may vary from region to region, and which may change over time and with new information (Bradshaw and Dance, 2004). storage sites that will affect their viability as potential solutions. As indicated above in this chapter, there are some 7,500 large stationary sources with emissions in excess of 0.1 MtCO2 yr-1 and that number is projected to rise by 2050. The mapping does not take into account the ‘capture factors’ presented in Section 2.3.2. 2.4.3.1 Geological storage and source location matching Chapter 5 includes detailed discussions of the geological characteristics of storage sites. Before discussing the global locations for geological storage opportunities, it is necessary to describe some basic fundamentals of geological storage. The world’s geological provinces can be allocated to a variety of rock types, but the main ones relevant to geological storage are sedimentary basins that have undergone only minor tectonic deformation and are at least 1000 m thick with adequate reservoir/seal pairs to allow for the injection and trapping of CO2. The petroleum provinces of the world are a subset of the sedimentary basins described above, and are considered to be promising locations for the geological storage of CO2 (Bradshaw et al., 2002). These basins have adequate reservoir/seal pairs, and suitable traps for hydrocarbons, whether liquids or gases. The remaining geological provinces of the world can generally be categorized as igneous (rocks formed from crystallization of molten liquid) and metamorphic (pre-existing rocks formed by chemical and physical alteration under the influence of heat, pressure and chemically active fluids) provinces. These rock types are commonly known as hard-rock provinces, and they will not be favourable for CO2 storage as they are generally not porous and permeable and will therefore not readily transmit fluids. More details on the suitability of sedimentary basins and characterization of specific sites are provided in Chapter 5. Figure 2.4 shows the ‘prospectivity’(see Annex II) of various parts of the world for the geological storage of CO2. Prospectivity is a term commonly used in explorations for any geological resource, and in this case it applies to CO2 storage space. Prospectivity is a qualitative assessment of the likelihood that a suitable storage location is present in a given area based on the available information. By nature, it will change over time and with new information. Estimates of prospectivity are developed by examining data (if possible), examining existing knowledge, applying established conceptual models and, ideally, generating new conceptual models or applying an analogue from a neighbouring basin or some other geologically similar setting. The concept of prospectivity is often used when it is too complex or technically impossible to assign numerical estimates to the extent of a resource. Figure 2.4 shows the world’s geological provinces broken down into provinces that are thought, at a very simplistic level, to have CO2 storage potential that is either: 1) highly prospective, 2) prospective, or 3) non-prospective (Bradshaw and Dance, 2004). Areas of high prospectivity are considered to include those basins that are world-class petroleum basins, meaning that they are the basins of the world that are producing substantial volumes of hydrocarbons. It also includes areas that are expected to have substantial storage potential. Areas of prospective storage potential are basins that are minor petroleum basins but not world-class, as well as other sedimentary basins that have not been highly deformed. Some of these basins will be highly prospective for CO2 storage and others will have low prospectivity. Determining the degree of suitability of any of these basins for CO2 storage will depend on detailed work in each area. Areas that are non-prospective are highly deformed sedimentary basins and other geological provinces, mainly containing metamorphic and igneous rocks. Some of thesePDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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