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Chapter 2: Sources of CO2 95 Figure 2.5 Geographical relationship between CO2 emission sources and prospective geological storage sites. The dots indicate CO2 emission sources of 0.1–50 MtCO2 yr-1. Prospectivity is a qualitative assessment of the likelihood that a suitable storage location is present in a given area based on the available information. This figure should be taken as a guide only, because it is based on partial data, the quality of which may vary from region to region, and which may change over time and with new information. Figures 2.6, 2.7 and 2.8 show the regional emission clusters for twelve regions of the world and the available storage opportunities within each region. They also compare the relative ranking of the area of available prospective sedimentary basins in a 300 km radius around emission clusters (Bradshaw and Dance, 2004). The 300 km radius was selected because it was considered useful as an indicator of likely transport distances for potentially viable source-to-storage matches (see Chapter 5). Although this data could suggest trends, such as high emissions for China with a small area of prospective sedimentary basins, or a large area of prospective sedimentary basins with low emissions for the Middle East, it is premature to make too many assumptions until detailed assessments are made in each region as to the quality and viability of each sedimentary basin and specific proposed sites. Each basin will have its own technical peculiarities, and because the science of injection and storage of very large volumes of CO2 is still developing, it is premature at this stage to make any substantive comments about the viability of individual sedimentary basins unless there are detailed data sets and assessments (see Chapter 5). These maps do, however, indicate where such detailed geological assessments will be required – China and India, for example – before a comprehensive assessment can be made of the likely worldwide impact of the geological storage of CO2. These maps also show that CO2 storage space is a resource, just like any other resource; some regions will have many favourable opportunities, and others will not be so well-endowed (Bradshaw and Dance, 2004). Figure 2.9 shows those emission sources with high concentrations (>95%) of CO2, with their proximity to prospective geological storage sites. Clusters of high- concentration sources can be observed in China and North America and to lesser extent in Europe. provinces might have some local niche opportunities for CO2 storage, but at this stage they would not be considered suitable for a conventional form of CO2 storage. As Bradshaw and Dance (2004) explain, this map is subject to significant caveats and based on significant assumptions because of the data source from which it was generated. However, it can be used as a general (although not specific) guide at the global scale to the location of areas that are likely to provide opportunities for the geological storage of CO2. Due to the generalized manner in which this map has been created, and the lack of specific or hard data for each of the basins assessed, the ‘prospectivity’ levels assigned to each category have no meaningful correlative statistical or probabilistic connotation. To achieve a numerical analysis of risk or certainty would require specific information about each and every basin assessed. Figure 2.5 shows the overlap of the sedimentary basins that are prospective for CO2 storage potential with the current locations of large sources of stationary emissions (IEA GHG, 2002a). The map can be simplistically interpreted to identify areas where large distances might be required to transport emissions from any given source to a geological storage location. It clearly shows areas with local geological storage potential and low numbers of emission sites (for example, South America) as well as areas with high numbers of emission sites and few geological storage options in the vicinity (the Indian sub-continent, for example). This map, however, does not address the relative capacity of any of the given sites to match either large emission sources or small storage capacities. Neither does it address any of the technical uncertainties that could exist at any of the storage sites, or the cost implications for the emission sources of the nature of the emission plant or the purity of the emission sources. Such issues of detailed source-to-store matching are dealt with in Chapter 5.PDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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