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108 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Figure 3.1 CO2 capture systems (adapted from BP). 3.1 introduction 3.1.1 The basis for CO2 capture only with application of existing technology for CO2 capture, but describes many new processes under development which may result in lower CO2 capture costs in future. 3.1.2 CO2 capture systems The main application of CO2 capture is likely to be at large point sources: fossil fuel power plants, fuel processing plants and other industrial plants, particularly for the manufacture of iron, steel, cement and bulk chemicals, as discussed in Chapter 2. There are four basic systems for capturing CO2 from use of fossil fuels and/or biomass: • Capture from industrial process streams (described in Capturing CO2 directly from small and mobile sources in the transportation and residential & commercial building sectors is expected to be more difficult and expensive than from large point sources. Small-scale capture is therefore not further discussed in this chapter. An alternative way of avoiding emissions of CO2 from these sources would be by use of energy carriers such as hydrogen or electricity produced in large fossil fuel-based plants with CO2 capture or by using renewable energy sources. Production of hydrogen with CO2 capture is included in this chapter. Section 3.2); • Post-combustion capture (described in Section 3.3); • Oxy-fuel combustion capture (described in Section 3.4); • Pre-combustion capture (described in Section 3.5). The possibility of CO2 capture from ambient air (Lackner, 2003) is not discussed in this chapter because the CO2 concentration in ambient air is around 380 ppm, a factor of 100 or more lower than in flue gas. Capturing CO2 from air by the growth of biomass and its use in industrial plants with CO2 capture is more cost-effective based on foreseeable technologies, and is included in this chapter. In an analysis of possible future scenarios for anthropogenic greenhouse-gas emissions it is implicit that technological innovations will be one of the key factors which determines our future path (Section 2.5.3). Therefore this chapter deals not These systems are shown in simplified form in Figure 3.1. CO2 has been captured from industrial process streams for 80 years (Kohl and Nielsen, 1997), although most of the CO2 that is captured is vented to the atmosphere because there is no incentive or requirement to store it. Current examples of CO2 capture from process streams are purification of natural gas and production of hydrogen-containing synthesis gas for the manufacture of ammonia, alcohols and synthetic liquid fuels. Most of the techniques employed for CO2 capture in the examples mentioned are also similar to those used in pre- combustion capture. Other industrial process streams which are a source of CO2 that is not captured include cement and steel production, and fermentation processes for food and drink production. CO2 could be captured from these streams using 3.1.2.1 Capture from industrial process streamsPDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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