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116 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage • Cooling requirement - Cooling is needed to bring the flue gas and solvent temperatures down to temperature levels required for efficient absorption of CO2. Also, the product from the stripper will require cooling to recover steam from the stripping process. coal-fired boilers, delivering CO2 for soda ash and liquid CO2 preparations. It uses a 15-20% by weight aqueous MEA (Mono-Ethanolamine) solution. The largest capacity experienced for this process is 800 tCO2 d-1utilizing two parallel trains (Arnold et al., 1982). The purity and pressure of CO2 typically recovered from an amine-based chemical absorption process are as follows (Sander and Mariz, 1992): • CO2 purity: 99.9% by volume or more (water saturated • The Fluor Daniel ® ECONAMINETM Process (Sander and Mariz, 1992, Chapel et al., 1999) - This process was acquired by Fluor Daniel Inc. from Dow Chemical Company in 1989. It is a MEA-based process (30% by weight aqueous solution) with an inhibitor to resist carbon steel corrosion and is specifically tailored for oxygen-containing gas streams. It has been used in many plants worldwide recovering up to 320 tCO2 d-1 in a single train for use in beverage and urea production. conditions) • CO2 pressure: 50 kPa (gauge) A further CO2 purification step makes it possible to bring the CO2-quality up to food-grade standard. This is required for use in beverages and packaging. • The Kansai Electric Power Co., Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd., KEPCO/MHI Process (Mimura et al., 1999 and 2003) - The process is based upon sterically-hindered amines and already three solvents (KS-1, KS-2 and KS-3) have been developed. KS-1 was commercialized in a urea production application. In this process, low amine losses and low solvent degradation have been noted without the use of inhibitors or additives. As shown in Figure 3.5, the first commercial plant at 200 tCO2 d-1 recovery from a flue gas stream has been operating in Malaysia since 1999 for urea production (equivalent to the emissions from a 10 MWt coal-fired power plant) Since combustion flue gases are generally at atmospheric pressure and the CO2 is diluted, the CO2 partial pressure is very low. Also, flue gas contains oxygen and other impurities; therefore an important characteristic of an absorption process is in the proper choice of solvent for the given process duty. High CO2 loading and low heat of desorption energy are essential for atmospheric flue gas CO2 recovery. The solvents must also have low byproduct formation and low decomposition rates, to maintain solvent performance and to limit the amount of waste materials produced. The important effect of other contaminants on the solvent is discussed in Section 3.3.2.2. The following three absorption processes are commercially available for CO2 capture in post-combustion systems: • The Kerr-McGee/ABB Lummus Crest Process (Barchas and The performance of the chemical solvent in the operation is maintained by replacement, filtering and reclaiming, which leads to a consumables requirement. Typical values for the solvent consumption are between 0.2 and 1.6 kg/tCO2. In addition, chemicals are needed to reclaim the amine from the heat stable salt (typically 0.03–0.13 kg NaOH/tCO2) and to remove decomposition products (typically 0.03-0.06 kg activated carbon/tCO2). The ranges are primarily dependent on the absorption process, with KS-1 being at the low end of the range and ECONAMINE TM at the high end. Flue gases from a combustion power plant are usually above 100°C, which means that they need to be cooled down to the temperature levels required for the absorption process. This can be done in a cooler with direct water contact, which also acts as a flue gas wash with additional removal of fine particulates. Davis, 1992) - This process recovers CO2 from coke and Figure 3.5 CO2 capture plant in Malaysia using a 200 tonne d−1 KEPCO/MHI chemical solvent process (Courtesy of Mitsubishi). In addition to the above, flue gas from coal combustion will contain other acid gas components such as NOx and SOx. Flue gases from natural gas combustion will normally only contain NOx. These acidic gas components will, similar to CO2, have a chemical interaction with the alkaline solvent. This is not desirable as the irreversible nature of this interaction leads to the formation of heat stable salts and hence a loss in absorption capacity of the solvent and the risk of formation of solids in the solution. It also results in an extra consumption of chemicals to regenerate the solvent and the production of a waste stream such as sodium sulphate or sodium nitrate. Therefore, the pre-removal of NOx and SOx to very low values before CO2 3.3.2.2. Flue gas pretreatmentPDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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