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124 IPCC Special Report on Carbon dioxide Capture and Storage Figure 3.8 Schematic of an oxy-fuel, pulverized coal fired power plant. removal unit to be installed, even if pure O2 were used as the oxidant in the boiler. The cryogenic oxygen plant will, in this case, produce 95% O2 purity to minimize power consumption and capital cost. stations does not have any technical barriers and can make use of existing technology systems. It has been reported (Wilkinson et al., 2003b) that the application of oxy-fuel technology for the retrofit of power plant boilers and a range of refinery heaters in a refinery complex (Grangemouth refinery in Scotland) is technically feasible at a competitive cost compared to other types of CO2 capture technologies. In this case, the existing boiler is adapted to allow combustion of refinery gas and fuel oil with highly enriched oxygen and with partial flue gas recycling for temperature control. Oxy-fuel boiler conversions only needed minor burner modifications, a new O2 injection system and controls, and a new flue gas recycle line with a separate blower. These are cheap and relatively simple modifications and result in an increase in boiler/heater thermal efficiency due to the recycle of hot gas. Modifications to a coal-fired boiler are more complex. In this study, it was found to be more economic to design the air separation units for only 95% O2 purity instead of 99.5% to comply with practical levels of air leakage into boilers and to separate the associated argon and nitrogen in the CO2 inert gas removal system to produce a purity of CO2 suitable for geological storage. After conversion of the boiler, the CO2 concentration in the flue gas increases from 17 to 60% while the water content increases from 10 to 30%. Impurities (SOx, NOx) and gases (excess O2, N2, argon) representing about 10% of the stream are separated from CO2 at low temperature (-55°C). After cooling, compression and drying of the separated or non-recycled flue gas, the product for storage comprises 96% CO2 contaminated with 2% N2, 1% argon and less than 1% O2 and SO2. Production of ultra-pure CO2 for storage would also be possible if distillation steps are added to the separation process. • The low temperature (-55°C) CO2 purification plant (Wilkinson et al., 2003b) integrated with the CO2 compressor will not only remove excess O2, N2, argon but can also remove all NOx and SO2 from the CO2 stream, if high purity CO2 is required for storage. Significantly, removal of these components before final CO2 compression eliminates the need to otherwise incorporate upstream NOx and SOx removal equipment in the net flue gas stream leaving the boiler. Elimination of N2 from the flue gas results in higher SOx concentrations in the boiler and reduced NOx levels. Suitable corrosion resistant materials of construction must be chosen. • The overall heat transfer is improved in oxy-fuel firing because of the higher emissivity of the CO2/H2O gas mixture in the boiler compared to nitrogen and the improved heat transfer in the convection section. These improvements, together with the recycle of hot flue gas, increase the boiler efficiency and steam generation by about 5%. • The overall thermal efficiency is improved by running the O2 plant air compressor and the first and final stages of the CO2 compressor without cooling, and recovering the compression heat for boiler feed water heating prior to de-aeration. Engineering studies have also been reported by Simbeck and McDonald (2001b) and by McDonald and Palkes (1999). This work has confirmed that the concept of retrofitting oxy- fuel combustion with CO2 capture to existing coal-fired powerPDF Image | CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STORAGE
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